Pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: when and how to explore the immune system? (About 53 cases)

El-Azami-El-Idrissi, Mohammed; Lakhdar-Idrissi, Mounia; Chaouki, S.; Atmani, S.; Bouharrou, A.; Hida, M.

doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.53.3481

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…According to the etiology, a treatment should be initiated [9], however, studies reported that RRIs can be often transient and resolve by itself, thus, any specific treatment is required [10]. On the other hand, the recurrence of the RIs leads to an increased risk of misdiagnosis and, consequently, to an unnecessary prescription antibiotic therapy, also, contributing to drug resistance development [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a pilot study on short-term efficacy

et al. 2020

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Background: Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are defined by the presence of at least one of the following criteria: (i) > 6 annual respiratory infections (RIs); (ii) > 1 monthly RIs involving the upper airways from September to April; (iii) > 3 annual RIs involving the lower airways represent a very common health problem in the first years of life. We conducted a multi-centre, prospective, single-open study to assess the efficacy and the safety of Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Methods: Ninety-one children (M:F = 47:44, mean age 7.4 ± 2.3 years) with RRIs were enrolled in the study between September and November 2018. At baseline, children received Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc and Streptococcus oralis 89a as 2 puffs for nostril twice/day for 7 days/months. The treatment lasted for 3 consecutive months. Efficacy was expressed in terms of absence or presence of fever, cough, bronchospasm, rhinorrhea and otalgia, at 1 month (T1), and 3 (T3) months. Safety and tolerability of the probiotic were evaluated on the basis of the number and type of adverse events (AEs) recorded during the treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a pilot study on short-term efficacy

et al. 2020

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“…[45] Immaturity in immune response involving activities of immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophage, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, B-cells, and T-cells seen in early ages has been observed to be attributable to RRIs. [56] Immunological alterations in asthma with chronic inflammatory changes are known. [7] These may be associated with increased severity and often cause recurrences of asthmatic attacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pidotimod: In-depth review of current evidence

et al. 2019

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Pidotimod, an immunostimulant, is researched for over two decades. Current evidence indicates its utility in a variety of indications in children as well as in adults. Its immunostimulant activity has been firmly established in the management of recurrent respiratory infections in children with or without asthma. Compared to standard of care alone, addition of pidotimod to standard of care significantly prevents the recurrences and reduces the severity and duration of acute episodes, ultimately resulting in reduced visits to pediatric clinics and lower absenteeism at school. In adults, pidotimod is effective in the prevention and treatment of acute infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Further, it has been evaluated in indications such as pneumonia, hand–food–mouth disease, bronchiectasis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. From a total of 32 studies conducted in child (24 studies) and adult (8 studies) population, this in-depth review discusses the current evidence of pidotimod. With further exploration, the immunostimulant activity of pidotimod might be extended to different immunological disorders.

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“…Immune deficiencies are considered as underlying conditions predisposing to RIs (6). Taking into account that a child's immune system is still developing until the age of 12–14 years, and that infections can halt this development, it is crucial to identify the weak links of anti-infective defence in children and, if possible, to correct them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to data of the World Health Organization (WHO), a child can present with 4 to 8 episodes of RIs within a year, during the first 5 years of its life (9). The average duration of infection is 8 days and up to 2 weeks; if a child presents with 3 episodes of acute infections over a period of 6 months, the respiratory infections are then considered recurrent (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral immune cell markers in children with recurrent respiratory infections in the absence of primary immunodeficiency

et al. 2019

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The immune system of a child has a degree of immaturity that is maintained until 6–7 years of age. Immaturity may be due to age-related functional disorders in the immune response. A healthy child can contract a series of infections which contribute to the maturation of the immune system during the pre-pubertal period. If repeated infections with prolonged or severe complications occur during childhood, the presence of an immunodeficiency should then be considered. Much more frequent than primary immunodeficiency are recurrent infections (frequently involving the upper respiratory tract), which are less severe and occur under the conditions of an immune system with no apparent major defects. A child can present with 4 to 8 episodes of respiratory infections within a year, during the first 5 years of its life. The average duration of infection is 8 days and up to 2 weeks; if the child presents with 3 episodes of acute infections over a period of 6 months, the respiratory infections are then considered recurrent. The aim of this study was to identify the immunological changes or deviations that cause this clinical syndrome in children. For this purpose, 30 children with recurrent respiratory infections and 10 healthy children were included. Immunoglobulin levels were examined and immunophenotyping was performed. We found that the serum immunoglobulin levels were in the normal range in 70% of the children. On the contrary, our data revealed changes in peripheral cell populations, the most important being the decrease in the T-cluster of differentiation (CD)8 + and total B cell percentages and the increase in the number of memory B cells. The data obtained herein indicated that the decrease in the number of total B cells was mainly due to the decrease in the number of naive IgD + B cells. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that recurrent respiratory infections may be associated with an altered cellular immune response. In such situations, the investigation of immunological parameters, such as T and B cell subtypes could complete the clinical diagnosis and guide the treatment strategy, thus increasing the quality of life of patients.

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Pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: when and how to explore the immune system? (About 53 cases)

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a pilot study on short-term efficacy

Bacteriotherapy with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB and Streptococcus oralis 89a nasal spray for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children: a pilot study on short-term efficacy

Pidotimod: In-depth review of current evidence

Peripheral immune cell markers in children with recurrent respiratory infections in the absence of primary immunodeficiency

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