Pediatric Cervical Spine: Normal Anatomy, Variants, and Trauma

Lustrin, Elizabeth S.; Karakas, Sabiha P.; Ortiz, A. Orlando; Cinnamon, Jay; Castillo, Maurício; Vaheesan, K.; Brown, James; Diamond, Alan; Black, Karen; Singh, Sudha

doi:10.1148/rg.233025121

Cited by 275 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Skeletally immature children are at risk of misdiagnosis because of incomplete fusion of their ossifying C2 vertebra [7]. Development of C2 involves ossification of four separate ossification centers consisting of the vertebral body, the odontoid, and right and left facet/pars/lamina.…”

Section: Pediatric Fractures Of the Atlasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractures of the axis: a review of pediatric, adult, and geriatric injuries

Gornet

Kelly

2016

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Fractures of the second cervical vertebra (C2, axis) are common in adult spine surgery. Those fractures occurring in younger adult patients are often associated with highenergy mechanism trauma, resulting in a "Hangman's Fracture." Management of these fractures is often successful with nonoperative means, though surgery may be needed in those fractures with greater displacement and injury to the C2-C3 disc. Older patients are more likely to sustain fractures of the odontoid process. The evidence supporting surgical management of these fractures is evolving, as there may be a mortality benefit to surgery. Regardless of treatment, longerterm mortality rates are high in this patient population, which should be discussed with the patient and family at the time of injury. Pediatric patients may suffer fractures of the axis, though differentiation of normal and pathologic findings is necessary and more difficult with the skeletally immature spine.

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Section: Pediatric Fractures Of the Atlasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractures of the axis: a review of pediatric, adult, and geriatric injuries

Gornet

Kelly

2016

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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“…This finding might be of diagnostic importance since in children, the support of motion in the cervical spine is at the C2-C3 level, while in the adult cervical spine is at the C5-C6 level (Lustrin et al 2003). [12] Gender distribution of the cervical vertebral anomalies 2 (2.7%) males and 7(9.46%) females were found to have CVA. In the present study, more females were found to have cervical vertebral anomalies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The association of cleft lip and palate with cervical vertebral anomalies- a lateral cephalographic study

Ashwini

David²,

Swamy³

et al. 2017

IJDR

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Background: Cleft lip and palate is the most common major congenital craniofacial abnormality noted, which is 1 in 700 births. Although inheritance may play a role, cleft lip and palate is considered to be of multifactorial etiology, including chemical exposures, radiation, maternal hypoxia, teratogenic drugs, nutritional deficiencies, especially folic acid and cervical vertebral anomalies. Objective: To assess an association between cleft lip and palate and cervical vertebral anomalies. Methodology: The lateral cephalographs of 74 cleft lip and palate patients aged 6-20yr were traced for cervical spine from C1-C4 on an acetate paper. Cervical vertebral anomalies were recorded and categorized into posterior arch deficiencies and fusion or both. Results: 12.16% of cleft lip and palate patients had cervical vertebral anomalies. Conclusion:The association between cleft lip and palate and cervical vertebral anomalies indicates that cervical vertebral anomalies may be implicated in the etiology of cleft lip and palate. Cervical vertebral anomalies can predispose to further disorders and identification of such anomalies mandates referral to the concerned specialist for appropriate management.

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“…A secondary ossification center (os terminale) at the apex of the odontoid process appears between 3 and 6 years of age and usually fuses by 12 years. 16,17 The cruciate and alar ligaments share the common mesenchymal origin in the tip of the primitive odontoid process. 12,18 The apical ligament is a functional vestige of the notochord and arises from either the notochord or its sheath.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%