Pediatric Bone Imaging: Imaging Elbow Trauma in Children???A Review of Acute and Chronic Injuries

Iyer, Ramesh S.; Thapa, Mahesh; Khanna, Paritosh C.; Chew, Felix S.

doi:10.2214/ajr.10.7314

Cited by 90 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…As with supracondylar fractures, the typical mechanism is a fall on an outstretched arm. This injury is caused by a varus force applied to an extended elbow while the forearm is supinated [ 13 ]. These fractures are usually Salter Harris Type II or IV: the fracture involves the metaphysis, physis, and the often incompletely ossifi ed trochlea.…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They do not disrupt the trochlea, and therefore the elbow is stable. Type II fractures, which are most common, extend medial to the capitellum, sometimes passing through the trochlear groove, and pass through the physis and lateral trochlea, potentially allowing the ulna to subluxate [ 13 ]. Although commonly used in the USA, the Milch classifi cation shows poor interobserver and only moderate intraobserver agreement [ 14 ] and in the majority of cases correlates poorly with intraoperative fi ndings [ 15 ].…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fractures of the medial epicondyle are associated with dislocation of the elbow joint at presentation in half of cases [ 6 ]. Both the radius and the ulna are usually posteriorly displaced [ 13 ]. The mechanism of injury is valgus strain to the joint, which causes the ulnar collateral ligament to exert traction on the medial epicondyle.…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is common in young baseball players and other overhead throwers, who experience overuse with repetitive valgus stress. About 20 % of pitchers aged 10-14 years have experienced elbow pain [ 51 ], resulting in overuse injuries of the medial epicondyle in 2-8 % of all juvenile pitchers in this age group [ 13 ].…”

Section: Little Leaguer's Elbowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unstable lesions are characterized by fl uid or contrast agent encircling the osteochondral fragment (Fig. 8.36 ) or by a cystic lesion subjacent to the fragment [ 13 ].…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Elbow and Forearm: Acquired Disorders

Uhl

2014

Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging

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This chapter fi rst discusses the timing of ossifi cation of the apophyses and epiphyses at the elbow, as an understanding of the appearance of the normal elbow is essential to correct interpretation of the pediatric elbow radiograph. It then discusses fractures that are common in younger children, such as supracondylar, lateral condylar, and medial condylar fractures. It presents radial neck and olecranon fractures, generally encountered in the adolescent period. The many injuries that result from valgus stress are then discussed, including osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum and medial epicondylar apophysitis. The chapter concludes with a presentation of osteochondrosis of the capitellum (Panner disease).Fractures and overuse injuries are common in the pediatric elbow. Supracondylar, lateral condylar, and medial condylar fractures are especially common in younger children, often due to falls. After these centers fuse, physeal injuries no longer occur; radial neck fractures and olecranon fractures become more common in the adolescent period. Repetitive valgus stress-such as occurs in pitchers and other throwing athletesmay lead to osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, apophysitis of the medial epicondyle or olecranon, loose bodies, and growth disturbances.

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Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Little Leaguer's Elbowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unstable lesions are characterized by fl uid or contrast agent encircling the osteochondral fragment (Fig. 8.36 ) or by a cystic lesion subjacent to the fragment [ 13 ].…”

Section: Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations