Pediatric and Adult Three-Dimensional Cervical Spine Kinematics

Abstract

HAM location in axial rotation and flexion/extension was more anterior in young females compared to adult females. Young females had a more anterior HAM location in flexion/extension compared to young males, indicating an effect of sex. For females, the HAM locations of adults were superior to those of children in flexion/extension and lateral bending whereas in males the HAM locations of adults were inferior to those of children. Age-related differences in HAM orientation were also observed in axial rotation and lateral bending. CONCLUSION.: Cervical spine kinematics vary with age and sex. The variation in spine mechanics based on age and sex found in the present study may indicate general trends that would grow stronger in even younger children (age <4 years).

Towards clinical management of traumatic brain injury: a review of models and mechanisms from a biomechanical perspective

“…Head impact can result in pure linear (straight line) motion of the head or combined linear and rotational motion in response to impact. Because the head is coupled to the body by the neck, almost any impact to the head will result in a combination of linear and rotational motion (Greaves et al, 2009). In pure linear motion of the head, the pressure gradients and tissue strains described above will occur.…”

Head-Trunk Kinematics During High-Velocity–Low-Amplitude Manipulation of the Cervical Spine in Asymptomatic Subjects: Helical Axis Computation and Anatomic Motion Modeling

“…Based on earlier work, this is an alternative approach to the interpretation and understanding of motion patterns. 28,29 Concerning active AR motion, a vertical orientation of HA was demonstrated in asymptomatic subjects; 26,28 however, an irregular orientation and location axis may be observed in patients with Whiplash-associated disorders. 27 -29 Based on recent investigation, it has been stated that HA provides an interesting method to assess functional characteristics.…”

“…25 Thus, comparisons of HA data are likely to be more suitable compared with the aforementioned method. The HA approach has been used in the field of cervical spine kinematics demonstrating the clinical importance of determining HA parameters in the understanding of movement strategies in healthy subjects 26 as well as in patients. 27 -29 Moreover, a recent study has highlighted the interest of HA orientation computation to assess in vivo motion behaviors of the knee for discriminating different functional tasks.…”

Quantitative Assessment of Head Posture of Young Adults Based on Lateral View Photographs

“…On the other hand, Greaves et al 20) showed that cervical kinematics vary with age and sex. They found that both age and sex significantly affect the three dimensional kinematics of the cervical spine.…”