Pedestrian-to-Vehicle Communications in an Urban Environment: Channel Measurements and Modeling

Abstract

As wireless connectivity becomes increasingly ubiquitous, a greater emphasis will be placed upon the seamless integration of dissimilar networking technologies. One such example of this will occur in urban environments, where wearable devices and vehicular networks will operate in close proximity to one another. Clearly, a natural extension to both types of network is their interconnectivity through vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) or equivalently pedestrian-to-vehicle (P2V) communications as part of a much greater vehicle-to-X (V2X) based Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). To this end, we empirically investigate the P2V communications channel at 5.8 GHz for the case of a moving vehicle when a person positioned by the edge of a road was either stationary or walking parallel to the side of the highway. The measurements considered a chest mounted transmitter and four receiver locations on the vehicle covering the front wing mirrors and two positions on the roof, which simultaneously recorded the received signal power. To characterize the propagation mechanisms which are responsible for shaping the received signal in the P2V channel we decomposed it into its path loss, large-scale and small-scale fading components. We first show that although there was evidence of interference caused by multiple rays interacting with one another, the popular Two-Ray ground-reflection path loss model was unable to adequately describe the compounded effects of the vehicle and pedestrian's body on the signal attenuation in the majority of the considered scenarios. Instead, we found that the overall path loss was well characterized using a dual-slope log-distance model, with lognormal large-scale fading. Due to the often severe small-scale fading that was observed in the P2V channel, we have been able to utilize the κ-µ Extreme distribution with considerable success to characterize the worse than Rayleigh fading conditions which were encountered.

Parametric Study of 3D Additive Printing Parameters Using Conductive Filaments on Microwave Topologies

“…For this design, the antenna was conceived to radiate in the C-Band, with a gain of around 15 dB at 5.8 GHz, and fed with a standard WR159 waveguide with a 50 SMA transition. This frequency for this antenna was chosen for two main reasons: the first is that this frequency band is used for vehicle communications [45], and the second is to compare the losses in a different topology, known to have less losses than the microstrip [38]. A layout of the designed antenna is shown in Fig.…”

Automotive Antenna Roof for Cooperative Connected Driving

“…Gain patterns in the horizontal plane (θ = 90 • , roof level) are considered for communication with vulnerable road users, on the basis that wearable antennas might be located at approximately roof level, i.e. 1.5 m above street level [38], [39].…”

Evaluation of a Switched Combining Based Distributed Antenna System (DAS) for Pedestrian-to-Vehicle Communications

“…1. Further details on the antennas used for the TX and RX are available in [12] including a visual illustration of the mounting arrangement and measured azimuthal antenna radiation patterns for the TX mounted on user's / test subject's body and for the RX mounted on the vehicle's roof and wing mirrors.…”

“…Over the last few decades, a number of studies have been conducted which investigate the characteristics of V2X communication channels (including P2V communication channels) with the aim of developing V2X based wireless systems [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Also, to this end, a number of antenna diversity techniques have been studied with the aim of increasing signal reliability in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I) communications [14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”