Pedestrian crash frequency: Unpacking the effects of contributing factors and racial disparities

Subjective Obligation to Obey the Police in Diverse Societies: A Social Resistance Perspective

“…Building on hypotheses suggested by the framework, Letki and Kukołowicz (2020) showed that group alienation and discrimination increase uncooperative attitudes in areas such as tax morality or “green” behaviour when non-dominant group members are spatially clustered. Similar evidence of this clustering effect was shown by Haddad et al (2023), who examined the higher involvement in crashes of Black pedestrians in a US city. Social resistance has also been found to help explain the positive effect of social alienation on psychological distress and sleeping problems among minority-group adolescents (Savaya et al 2023).…”

“…Moreover, both Muslims and ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel tend to live (by choice) apart from other Israeli communities, concentrated in their cities or neighbourhoods (Cahaner and Malach 2021;Central Bureau of Statistics 2022b). Previous findings show that social resistance is a more potent force in communities that tend to cluster spatially (Haddad et al 2023;Letki and Kukołowicz 2020). This may be partly because such clustering reduces these groups' exposure to different values and social norms (including police legitimacy), which can perpetuate social alienation and affect the obligation to obey and compliant behaviour.…”

“…The social resistance theory has been tested empirically across a variety of nondominant minority groups in the United States (Factor, Williams, and Kawachi 2013c;Haddad et al 2023), Israel (Factor et al 2013b;Itskovich and Factor 2023;Savaya et al 2023), and Central and Eastern Europe (Langley et al 2021;Letki and Kukołowicz 2020), and findings show general support for its theoretical propositions. Examining the theory in the context of traffic violations, Factor et al (2013b) found that social resistance had a direct and much greater impact on non-Jewish minority drivers in Israel compared with the Jewish majority group, while for the latter, the main antecedents of delinquent behaviour were procedurally unjust treatment by the police and non-commitment to the law.…”

Perceptions of Surveillance: Exploring Feelings Held by Black Community Leaders in Boston Toward Camera Enforcement of Roadway Infractions

“…Therefore, in effort to avoid such outcomes, these possibilities should be further studied. Finally, while one could argue that Black America has the most to gain from camera-forward enforcement reformnot only because of racially disproportionate practices of police brutality, but because decades of inequitable investment in infrastructure has resulted in Black neighborhoods hosting disproportionately unsafe roadways (Barajas, 2021;Golub et al, 2013;Greenfield, 2022;Haddad et al, 2023;Rennert, 2016) we must ask ourselves: 'Who has the most to lose with CE?' Persons with prior offenses as well as undocumented and non-citizen individuals may be positioned to be most taken advantage of, perhaps even targeted, via an enforcement system so dependent on automation and the on-file information of members of the public.…”