Pedal function in nassariid gastropods: crawling and burrowing in Cyclope neritea

Shell features associated with the sand-burying habit in gastropods

“…Unlike most of the other sand-burying gastropods considered here, nassariids have a large, powerful foot, enabling them to bury rapidly (Trueman & Brown, 1976, 1992aVermeij & Zipser, 1986;Savazzi, 1989Savazzi, , 1994Trueman & Hodgson, 1990). In keeping with the trade-off between foot size and streamlining, most nassariids are less streamlined than most sand-buriers in the other clades examined (Fig.…”

“…For burrowers with a siphonal canal, continued contact by the animal with the water above for detecting food and enemies can be maintained with a dorsally or obliquely deflected siphonal canal and often in addition with a distinct adapical (anal) notch or channel. The functions of these attributes in sand-burying gastropods have been documented by measurements of burrowing performance and by observing the method of burying in various species (Trueman, 1968;Signor, 1982aSignor, , b, c, 1983Signor, , 1993Vermeij & Zipser, 1986;Savazzi, 1988Savazzi, , 1989Savazzi, , 1994Dudley & Vermeij, 1989;Trueman & Brown, 1989, 1992aSavazzi & Pan, 1994;Sälgeback & Savazzi, 2006;Vanagt, Vincx & Degraer, 2008).…”

Imaging Oxygen Distribution in Marine Sediments. The Importance of Bioturbation and Sediment Heterogeneity

“…Burrowing is achieved by discontinuous movements of the shell and ceases as soon as the shell is covered. This results in a shallow burrow from which the siphon can maintain contact with the overlying water (Trueman and Brown 1992). Its reworking mode is still not defined but on the basis of its behaviour, C. neritea would appear to belong to the biodiffusor group.…”

“…During periods of low water, this snail emerges from the sediment and crawls over it in search of food (Trueman and Brown 1992 of a mucous bed. Burrowing is achieved by discontinuous movements of the shell and ceases as soon as the shell is covered.…”

Life in the arena: infaunal gastropods and the late Phanerozoic expansion of marine ecosystems into sand

“…Burrowing‐related adaptations and characteristics of gastropods include: a shell with smooth surface or low‐relief sculpture; terraced sutures and ridges whose leading edges are less steep than their trailing edges; a narrowly elongate or fusiform shell with gently rounded flanks and smoothly tapering posterior end and lacking angulations; for disc‐shaped species, a sharp peripheral keel separating a flattened base from a gently rounded upper surface and low spire; a siphonal canal, if present, dorsally or obliquely upturned and not axially elongated; an umbilicus facing the direction of burial filled with a callus deposit or by an extension of the inner lip; in species with a large digging foot, a wide callus pad situated adjacent to the aperture on the shell's ventral side, or the whole shell enveloped by extensions of the foot; periostracum thin or absent; and bioeroders and epibionts absent or, if present, confined to the shell's upper side (Trueman & Brown ; Vermeij ). Of these criteria, only terracing is unique to sand‐buriers (Fig.…”