In the seventh paper of his seminal series, Jones defined the eponymous differential matrix governing the evolution of the transverse electric field along the wave normal of polarized light propagating in an infinite (bulk) homogeneous medium. [1] If an overall proportionality constant is disregarded, the complex 2 Â 2 Jones differential matrix depends on three sets of complex parameters that can be attributed physical meaning. More specifically, the real and imaginary parts of each complex parameter are called, respectively, birefringence and dichroism and are proportional to the difference of the real and the imaginary parts of the refractive indices "seen" by the polarized light. Two of the three sets of birefringence and dichroism are referred to as being linear, whereas the last set is termed "circular," with reference to the types of polarizations that propagate unaltered by them.Jones noted that the optical anisotropy and the (anisotropic) absorption of the homogeneous medium are the physical origins of linear birefringence and dichroism, respectively. [2] However, to complete the differential matrix phenomenological picture and identify the physical origins of circular birefringence and dichroism, the presence in the homogeneous medium of an additional physical property distinct from anisotropy and absorption is necessary. This specific property present in certain media is called optical activity (OA).OA was discovered experimentally in crystals (quartz) by Arago, [3] as well as in liquids (turpentine) and solutions (sugar in water) by Biot [4] about 200 years ago. Fresnel was the first to describe it phenomenologically as the difference of refractive indices probed by two circularly polarized light waves of opposite handedness. [5] Some 20 years after Fresnel, Cauchy advanced the first formal description of OA within the framework of the elastic theory of light. [6] The advent of modern electromagnetic theory of light by the second half of the 19th century imposed revisiting and redeveloping the formalism of OA. The constitutive relations (CRs) used to account for the anisotropy and absorption present in material media were extended to include OA by Gibbs, [7] Drude, [8][9][10] and Voigt [11][12][13][14] in the very end of the 19th century. However, unlike that of anisotropy and absorption, the formal phenomenological description of OA is not unique but can rather be conducted in several different ways.