Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players

Hodgins, Justin L.; Rubenstein, William J.; Kovacevic, David; Padaki, Ajay S.; Jobin, Charles M.; Ahmad, Christopher S.

doi:10.1177/2325967117728041

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Third, the reliability and validity of the scapular index have not been firmly established, although it has been used in several studies. 10 , 15 , 47 Fourth, participants in this study were recruited from a high-school baseball team. However, they had a mean experience in baseball of 8 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of doorway stretch on the glenohumeral rotational range of motion and scapular position in high-school baseball players

Higuchi

Nakao²,

Tanaka

et al. 2021

JSES International

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Background Pectoralis minor tightness has been thought to affect the scapular position. Despite the wide implementation of doorway stretch in clinical practice owing to its apparent effectiveness in stretching the pectoralis minor, limited studies have investigated its influence on the glenohumeral rotational range of motion (ROM). This study aimed to examine the acute effects of doorway stretch on the glenohumeral rotational ROM and the correlation between the scapular position and ROM. Materials and Methods In total, 34 male high-school baseball players participated in this study. Outcomes included the pectoralis minor muscle length, glenohumeral rotational ROM, and scapular position. The distance between the sternocostal joint of rib 4 and the coracoid process was measured as the pectoralis minor length. Internal and external rotation ROM with the shoulder abducted at 90° were measured. The scapular position was defined by the following two measurements: the distance between the surface and the posterolateral corner of the acromion as well as the scapular index. The participants performed doorway stretch by abducting and externally rotating the shoulder at 90° and flexing the elbow at 90°. The outcomes were compared before and after stretching. Furthermore, the correlation between these changes was investigated. Results Pectoralis minor muscle length and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM was significantly higher after stretching than before, and the scapular position also significantly changed ( P < .01 for both). A moderate correlation was found between the degree of change in the glenohumeral internal rotational ROM and scapular position (r = 0.44, P < .01). Discussion Our results indicated that doorway stretch significantly increased the pectoralis minor muscle length and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM and significantly altered the scapular position. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the degree of change in the scapular position and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM was observed. These results suggest that doorway stretch could be beneficial for improving the scapular position and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM, which are considered the cause of throwing injuries. Furthermore, the glenohumeral ROM may be affected by the scapular position.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of doorway stretch on the glenohumeral rotational range of motion and scapular position in high-school baseball players

Higuchi

Nakao²,

Tanaka

et al. 2021

JSES International

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“…they participated in elite sports as elite sport can cause anatomical adaptations in the gleno-humeral joint and muscles around the area (Hodgins et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• they had pain in the shoulders that interfered with activities of daily living (ADLs), as pain influences the function of the scapular stabilising muscles (Moezy, Sepehrifar & Dodaran 2014); • they participated in elite sports as elite sport can cause anatomical adaptations in the gleno-humeral joint and muscles around the area (Hodgins et al 2017).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pectoralis minor length measurements in three different scapula positions

Komati

Korkie

Becker

2020

South African Journal of Physiotherapy

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Background: The pectoralis minor (PM) muscle is commonly regarded as a contributor to abnormal scapula positioning. Subsequently, the muscle length of the scapular stabilising muscles may be affected, as these muscles assume a lengthened position, which over time causes weakness. There are inconsistencies regarding PM muscle length values because of the different techniques and positions used when the length of the PM muscle is measured.Objective: To determine the PM muscle length in participants aged 18−24 using a Vernier® caliper and expressed as pectoralis minor index (PMI), with the scapula in three different positions.Method: The PM muscle length of 144 participants was measured with a Vernier® caliper (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.83−0.87). Measurements were made with the scapula in the resting position, in an active and a passive posterior tilt position.Results: Significant differences were observed in PMI between the resting scapula position – 10.04 (confidence interval, CI 9.93–10.14) and active posterior tilt – 10.19 (CI 10.09–10.30) (p 0.001); the resting position – 10.04 (CI 9.93–10.14) and passive posterior tilt – 10.77 (10.66–10.87) (p 0.001) and active – 10.19 (CI 10.09–10.30) and passive posterior tilt 10.77 (10.66–10.87) (p 0.001). The dominant side had lower PMI values than the non-dominant side.Conclusion: The significant differences between the active and posterior tilt positions suggested that optimal muscle length of PM was affected by the inner range strength of the lower fibres of Trapezius.Clinical implications: It is important that in clinical practice not only the length of PM in scapular misalignment but also the strength of the antagonistic muscles is considered.

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“…From our systematic review, a consistent pattern of increased scapular anterior tilting and internal rotation was reported in the dominant shoulders than in the nondominant shoulders of athletes who participated in overhead sports. Previous studies have shown significant loss of internal rotation range of motion (glenohumeral internal rotation deficit), 36 increased humeral retroversion, 37,38 tightness of the posterior shoulder capsule and muscles, 39,40 and tightness of pectoralis minor 41,42 in the dominant shoulders of athletes who participated in overhead sports, and these were associated with increased scapular anterior tilting and internal rotation. [43][44][45] In this connection, the glenohumeral contact pressure was significantly increased with more scapular internal rotation in a cadaveric study.…”

Section: Scapular Kinematics In Healthy Overhead Athletesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Scapular Kinematics in Athletes With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review

Fu¹,

Yung²,

Cheong³

et al. 2020

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Rotator cuff tendinopathy is one of the most frequently reported shoulder injuries in athletes of overhead sports. Abnormal scapular kinematics has been proposed as one of the contributing factors of rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes. Objectives: To review the literature on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in overhead athletes with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed) were searched from inception to September 2017. In addition, the reference lists of the articles that met the inclusion criteria were also searched. We included studies that compared the changes in 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in athletes with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Two reviewers independently examined the quality of studies by using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Evidence Synthesis: A total of 9 studies (a total of 332 athletes, mean age 23.41 [2.62] y) were included in the final analysis. The methodological quality was low (modified Downs and Black checklist = 9/15). Our findings showed a consistent pattern of increased scapular anterior tilting and internal rotation in the dominant shoulders than the nondominant shoulders of athletes who participated in overhead sports. Athletes of overhead sports seem to demonstrate an increase in scapular upward rotation during arm elevation when compared with nonathlete individuals. However, there is no consensus on the scapular kinematics pattern in athletes with rotator cuff tendinopathy when compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that changes in scapular kinematics were observed in overhead athletes. However, all the included studies were cross-sectional studies with small sample size and diverse sports participation, whether changes in scapular kinematics may contribute to rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes warrants more high-quality prospective studies.

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Pectoralis Minor Contracture in Throwing Shoulders of Asymptomatic Adolescent Baseball Players

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Acute effects of doorway stretch on the glenohumeral rotational range of motion and scapular position in high-school baseball players

Acute effects of doorway stretch on the glenohumeral rotational range of motion and scapular position in high-school baseball players

Pectoralis minor length measurements in three different scapula positions

Scapular Kinematics in Athletes With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review

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