Pectins

Ralet, Marie‐Christine; Bonnin, Estelle; Thibault, Jean‐François

doi:10.1002/3527600035.bpol6012

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…In the course of running, this model of pectin-complex, as schematised in Fig. 3a, for which further refinement has lately been suggested (Coenen et al, 2007), has appeared to be the structural model of cell wall pectins, irrespective of plant source (Prade et al, 1999;Ralet, Bonnin, & Thibault, 2001;. However, since it cannot be ruled out that only part of the connecting points present in the apple pectin has been identified and not all unknown oligomers could be identified so far, the model of pectincomplex in which HG is positioned as a RG-I side chain could not be excluded irrevocably (Coenen et al, 2007).…”

Section: The Traditional Model Of Alternating 'Smooth' Regions (Srs) mentioning

confidence: 96%

Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model

Yapo

2011

Carbohydrate Polymers

271

115

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Section: The Traditional Model Of Alternating 'Smooth' Regions (Srs) mentioning

confidence: 96%

Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model

Yapo

2011

Carbohydrate Polymers

271

115

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“…Side chains are ␣-(1,5)-arabinan, ␤-(1,4)-galactan, and arabinogalactan type I. RG II is very complex, but it is believed to be the most conserved part of pectin. This molecule has PGalA as a backbone and is branched with rhamnose and other rare sugars such as apiose, 2-O-methylxylose, and 2-O-methylfucose (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Microbial Utilization and Selectivity of Pectin Fractions with Various Structures

Onumpai

Kolida

Bonnin

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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110

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To evaluate the fermentation properties of oligosaccharides derived from pectins and their parent polysaccharides, a 5-ml-working-volume, pH-and temperature-controlled fermentor was tested. Six pectic oligosaccharides representing specific substructures found within pectins were prepared. These consisted of oligogalacturonides (average degrees of polymerization [DP] of 5 and 9), methylated oligogalacturonides (average DP of 5), oligorhamnogalacturonides (average DP of 10 as a disaccharide unit of galacturonic acid and rhamnose), oligogalactosides (average DP of 5), and oligoarabinosides (average DP of 6). The influence of these carbohydrates on the human fecal microbiota was evaluated. Use of neutral sugar fractions resulted in an increase in Bifidobacterium populations and gave higher organic acid yields. The Bacteroides-Prevotella group significantly increased on all oligosaccharides except oligogalacturonides with an average DP of 5. The most selective substrates for bifidobacteria were arabinan, galactan, oligoarabinosides, and oligogalactosides.Pectins are complex plant heteropolysaccharides consisting in the main of four types of carbohydrate structure. These are partially methyl and/or acetyl esterified polygalacturonic acid (PGalA), rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG I), xylogalacturonan, and rhamnogalacturonan type II (RG II). PGalA is a linear homopolymer of ␣-(1,4)-galacturonic acid. Xylogalacturonan consists of a PGalA backbone with xylose bound to galactopyranosyluronic acid (GalpA) at C-3. RG I and RG II comprise the so-called "hairy regions" due to their branched structures. The -4-␣-D-GalAp-1,2-␣-L-Rhap-1-disaccharide sequence constitutes the main chain of RG I, with substitutions at position 4 of the rhamnose residues as well as acetylation on C-2 or C-3 of the galacturonic acid. Side chains are ␣-(1,5)-arabinan, ␤-(1,4)-galactan, and arabinogalactan type I. RG II is very complex, but it is believed to be the most conserved part of pectin. This molecule has PGalA as a backbone and is branched with rhamnose and other rare sugars such as apiose, 2-O-methylxylose, and 2-O-methylfucose (31).The biological effects of pectins have been studied extensively, and they are reported to be highly fermentable dietary fibers (5). Apart from their complexity and heterogeneity, both pectins and their derivatives have been investigated for many other potential health benefits. Pectins are found in oriental medicinal herbs and are thought to be responsible for their therapeutic effects (18,27). Studies to date indicate that different regions of pectins may mediate the different health effects. For example, modified citrus pectin may control the progress of malignancy (12) or induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines (20,29). In terms of the selectivity of fermentation by fecal bacteria, pectic oligosaccharides had greater selectivity toward bifidobacteria in batch cultures than the parent pectin (24,25,30).Many plant by-products are rich in pectins, which could possibly be sources of active pectic compounds and may prove ...

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“…Their backbone is composed of smooth homogalacturonan (HG) and hairy rhamnogalacturonan (RG) I regions (O'Neill et al, 1990). HG, a linear chain composed of (1/4)-linked a-D-GalUAp units, can be methyl esterified at O-6 of carboxyl groups and acetyl esterified at O-2 and/or O-3 of secondary hydroxyl groups (Ralet et al, 2001). Some HGs might be substituted to form RG II or xylogalacturonan.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence for In Vitro Binding of Pectin Side Chains to Cellulose

et al. 2005

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Pectins of varying structures were tested for their ability to interact with cellulose in comparison to the well-known adsorption of xyloglucan. Our results reveal that sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) pectins, which are rich in neutral sugar side chains, can bind in vitro to cellulose. The extent of binding varies with respect to the nature and structure of the side chains. Additionally, branched arabinans (Br-Arabinans) or debranched arabinans (Deb-Arabinans; isolated from sugar beet) and galactans (isolated from potato) were shown bind to cellulose microfibrils. The adsorption of Br-Arabinan and galactan was lower than that of Deb-Arabinan. The maximum adsorption affinity of Deb-Arabinan to cellulose was comparable to that of xyloglucan. The study of sugar beet and potato alkali-treated cell walls supports the hypothesis of pectin-cellulose interaction. Natural composites enriched in arabinans or galactans and cellulose were recovered. The binding of pectins to cellulose microfibrils may be of considerable significance in the modeling of primary cell walls of plants as well as in the process of cell wall assembly.The well-known model of primary cell walls (PCWs) of dicotyledons emphasizes noncovalent interactions between cell wall polymers and suggests two independent, but interacting, networks where the cellulose-xyloglucan network is embedded in a matrix of pectic polysaccharides (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993;Somerville et al., 2004).Cellulose, the primary structural element of the cell wall, is a homopolymer composed of (1/4)-linked b-D-Glcp residues. The linear chains of parallel alignment are tightly linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils. Xyloglucan, the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the PCWs of dicotyledons, is composed of a cellulose-like backbone consisting of (1/4)-linked b-D-Glcp residues, branched at O-6 by a-D-Xylp residues, which can be further substituted at O-2 by b-D-Galp residues (Fry, 1989). Some of the Galp residues may be substituted at O-6 by a-D-Fucp. Pectins are major components of dicotyledon PCWs and of the middle lamella. Their backbone is composed of smooth homogalacturonan (HG) and hairy rhamnogalacturonan (RG) I regions (O'Neill et al., 1990). HG, a linear chain composed of (1/4)-linked a-D-GalUAp units, can be methyl esterified at O-6 of carboxyl groups and acetyl esterified at O-2 and/or O-3 of secondary hydroxyl groups (Ralet et al., 2001). Some HGs might be substituted to form RG II or xylogalacturonan. RG II is a complex polysaccharide composed of GalUAp, Rhap, Galp, and some unusual sugars.Dimers of RG II were found to be cross-linked by two diester bonds through a boron atom (Fleischer et al., 1999). Xylogalacturonan contains b-D-Xylp residues attached to O-3 of the HG backbone (Le Goff et al., 2001). RG I contains a backbone of the repeating di- Renard et al., 1995). They are predominantly substituted at O-4 of Rhap residues by neutral sugar side chains (Schols and Voragen, 1994). The proportion of branched Rhap residues depen...

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Pectins

Abstract: Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure of Pectin Primary Structure Occurrence and Distribution of Pectins in Cell Walls Macromolecular Features Pectin Characterization Extraction Analysis of Pectin Constituents … Show more

Cited by 23 publications

References 134 publications

Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model

Pectic substances: From simple pectic polysaccharides to complex pectins—A new hypothetical model

Microbial Utilization and Selectivity of Pectin Fractions with Various Structures

Evidence for In Vitro Binding of Pectin Side Chains to Cellulose

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