Pectin Gelation and Its Assembly into Functional Materials

Pectin, as a sustainable biopolymer with its two complementary functionalities (carboxyl and hydroxyl moieties) imparted in the α-1,4-galacturonic acid repeating unit, has gained increasing attention in the last few years. The interest in this ubiquitously occurring plant originating polysaccharide (PS) has shifted slowly from applications as a food additive to a broader range of potential applications in medicine, cosmetics, and other industries. Due to the increasing interest in alternatives for petrochemical materials, PSs as biomaterials have gained increasing attention in industrial processes in general. In the last decade, an increasing number of chemical transformations related to pectin have been published, and this is a prerequisite for the design of the structure and hence properties of novel biopolymer-based materials. This work aims to review the chemical modifications of pectin by covalent linkage of the last decade and analyze the materials obtained with these chemical methods critically.

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“…LMP forms gels with multivalent metal ions in aqueous solution. Mostly calcium ions have been employed for this purpose (Williams 2020).…”

Section: Fig 1 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical modification of pectin and polygalacturonic acid: A critical review

Würfel

Geitel

et al. 2021

BioRes

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“…The chain length the trapped metal ions creates is limited by methylated residues in the pectin chain 18 . In pectin gel formation, Ca 2+ :2[COO − ] was 1:2 15,19 . Two pectin chains are bonded by the entrapment of Ca 2+ ions in‐between, whereas the other side of the pectin is connected to the next sitting pectin chain using hydrogen bonding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 In pectin gel formation, Ca 2+ :2[COO À ] was 1:2. 15,19 Two pectin chains are bonded by the entrapment of Ca 2+ ions inbetween, whereas the other side of the pectin is connected to the next sitting pectin chain using hydrogen bonding. These hydrogen bonding locations can be used to store charges enabling pectin to be used as a biosupercapacitor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of pectin biopolymer‐based biocompatible freestanding electrodes for supercapacitor applications

Harikumar

Batabyal

2023

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Implantable energy storage devices that are soft, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable are the focus of current bio‐instrumentation research. Polymer gel‐based electrodes for energy storage applications such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries have a wide attraction for modern technology. This work proposes a flexible, transparent, and biodegradable electrode using pectin biopolymer with a biocompatible electrolyte as a supercapacitor. The biopolymer pectin can be a promising candidate for such energy storage devices. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added with pectin, which forms side chains for better stability and conductivity, improving the electrode materials' ionic conduction. Two devices were fabricated using pectin only (PO) and pectin/PEG (PP) composite as electrode materials. The interesting observation with PO was that it has slightly higher specific capacitance (CSP) than PP composite, but the long‐time retention was poor. Graphite was incorporated in the Pectin/PEG composite and fabricated two more devices with Pectin/PEG/Graphite (PPG) composite‐based biosupercapacitors using a 10% and 20% weight ratio of graphite to pectin. An electrochemical study was performed to understand the energy storage capacity of the fabricated electrodes. It was found that the 10% graphite incorporated sample showed excellent retention of 98.74% of capacitance with a specific capacitance of 11.48 mF/cm2 over 2500 cycles. With the increased stability and higher specific capacitance, pectin biopolymer‐based electrodes have a powerful impact on developing flexible and portable solid‐stat energy storage e systems.

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“…More specifically, pectin is a biopolymer of galacturonic acid whose carboxyl groups are methyl-esterified. Thus pectin’s ability to be converted to gels is highly determined by the degree of esterification at the C6 position of the monomer . At the same time, polygalacturonic acid is a naturally occurring biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide that is a product of pectinase degradation and demethylation from pectin in plants. , Although the p K a of polygalacturonic acid ranges between 3.5 and 4.1, it changes against the degree of esterification .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alginate-Based Oral Delivery Systems to Enhance Protection, Release, and Absorption of Catalase

Farid

Seitak

Chan

et al. 2023

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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Oxidative stress, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. Catalase has great therapeutic potential by scavenging hydrogen peroxide, one of the ROSs produced in cellular metabolisms. However, in vivo application to scavenge ROS is currently limited especially in oral administrations. Here, we introduced an alginatebased oral drug delivery system that effectively protected catalase from the simulated harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, released it in the small intestine mimicked condition, and enhanced its absorption via M cells, highly specialized epithelium cells in the small intestine. First of all, catalase was encapsulated in alginate-based microparticles with different amounts of polygalacturonic acid or pectin, which achieved an encapsulation efficiency of more than 90%. It was further shown that catalase was released from alginate-based microparticles in a pHdependent manner. Results indicated that alginate-polygalacturonic acid microparticles (60 wt % Alg:40 wt % Gal) released 79.5 ± 2.4% of encapsulated catalase at pH 9.1 in 3 h, while they only released 9.2 ± 1.5% of encapsulated catalase at pH 2.0. Even when catalase was encapsulated in microparticles (60 wt % Alg:40 wt % Gal) and exposed to pH 2.0 followed by pH 9.1, it still retained 81.0 ± 11.3% enzyme activity compared to that in microparticles prior to the pH treatment. We then investigated the efficiency of RGD conjugation to catalase on the catalase uptake by M-like cells, the coculturing of human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma; Caco-2 cells and B lymphocyte; Raji cells. RGD-catalase protected M-cells more efficiently from the cytotoxicity of H 2 O 2 , a typical ROS. RGD conjugation to catalase enhanced the uptake by M-cells with 87.6 ± 0.8% RGD-catalase, whereas 11.5 ± 9.2% of RGD-free catalase passed across M-cells. From the results of protection, release, and absorption of model therapeutic proteins from the harsh pH conditions, alginatebased oral drug delivery systems will have numerous applications for the controlled release of drugs that are easily degradable in the GI tract.

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Pectin Gelation and Its Assembly into Functional Materials

Cited by 7 publications

References 125 publications

Chemical modification of pectin and polygalacturonic acid: A critical review

Chemical modification of pectin and polygalacturonic acid: A critical review

Fabrication of pectin biopolymer‐based biocompatible freestanding electrodes for supercapacitor applications

Alginate-Based Oral Delivery Systems to Enhance Protection, Release, and Absorption of Catalase

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