Pectic homogalacturonan masks abundant sets of xyloglucan epitopes in plant cell walls

Marcus, Susan E.; Verhertbruggen, Yves; Hervé, Cécile; Ordaz-Ortíz, José Juan; Farkas, Vladimir; Pedersen, Henriette L.; Willats, William G.T.; Knox, John

doi:10.1186/1471-2229-8-60

Cited by 371 publications

(332 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Because an antibody (LM15) has only recently been generated (Marcus et al, 2008) that recognizes an epitope unique to xyloglucans and made commercially available, we were unable to confirm the presence of xyloglucan during cellularization in our previous article . The cellulose-degrading enzyme, cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII or Cel6A) from the fungus Trichoderma reesei, coupled to gold was used to detect cellulose in the central cell wall at 3 DAP and the first-formed anticlinal walls at 4 DAP (see fig.…”

Section: Xyloglucan Deposition During Cellularization (3-8 Dap)mentioning

confidence: 47%

“…However, despite these assumptions, the (1→4)-b-oligoglucoside structures detected by the CBHII-AU probe at 3 and 4 DAP attributed to cellulose binding , were at least partly belonging to the xyloglucan backbone. We can now draw this conclusion because the recently generated xyloglucan-specific antibody, LM15 (Marcus et al, 2008), binds to the first formed endosperm cell walls at 3 DAP and persists till 6 DAP (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Xyloglucanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grain samples from 10 to 28 DAP were prepared for microscopy and changes to the endosperm were monitored by taking transverse sections of the developing grains. The distribution and relative abundance of polysaccharides in the differentiating grain were detected on sections using monoclonal antibodies raised against specific polysaccharide epitopes including (1→3)-b-D-glucan (Meikle et al, 1991), xyloglucan LM15 (Marcus et al, 2008), (1→3,1→4)-b-D-glucan (Meikle et al, 1994), hetero-(1→4)-b-Dmannan (Pettolino et al, 2001), and arabino-(1-4)-b-D-xylan LM11 (McCartney et al, 2005). Sections for light microscopy (1 mm) were either stained in toluidine blue to highlight tissue architecture or processed for immunogold labeling.…”

Section: Immunolabeling For Light and Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Wilson

Burton²,

Collins³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-l-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-d-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.

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Section: Xyloglucan Deposition During Cellularization (3-8 Dap)mentioning

confidence: 47%

Section: Xyloglucanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immunolabeling For Light and Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Wilson

Burton²,

Collins³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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“…Indeed, ESTs of TmNXG1 homologs, which comprise XTH phylogenetic group III-A, are often found in ripening fruits (Baumann et al, 2007). And whereas nasturtium and tamarind have abundant xyloglucan in the seed endosperm (Marcus et al, 2008;von Schantz et al, 2009), xyloglucan has thus far only been localized in the columella (Western et al, 2000) of the Arabidopsis seed coat epidermis (J.P. Knox, unpublished data, available at http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~bmbjpk/gal6.htm). Nonetheless, Genevestigator data analysis and semiquantitative PCR analysis in this study revealed that the group III-A homologs AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 were in fact expressed in diverse tissues of the Arabidopsis Col-0, including those undergoing significant expansion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

et al. 2012

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The molecular basis of primary wall extension endures as one of the central enigmas in plant cell morphogenesis. Classical cell wall models suggest that xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activity is the primary catalyst (together with expansins) of controlled cell wall loosening through the transient cleavage and religation of xyloglucan-cellulose cross links. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 33 phylogenetically diverse XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/ HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products, two of which were predicted to be predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases due to clustering into group III-A. Enzyme kinetic analysis of recombinant AtXTH31 confirmed this prediction and indicated that this enzyme had similar catalytic properties to the nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) xyloglucanase1 responsible for storage xyloglucan hydrolysis during germination. Global analysis of Genevestigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expanding tissues. Microscopy analysis, utilizing the resorufin b-glycoside of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide XXXG as an in situ probe, indicated significant xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in specific regions of both roots and hypocotyls, in good correlation with transcriptomic data. Moreover, this hydrolytic activity was essentially completely eliminated in AtXTH31/AtXTH32 double knockout lines. However, single and double knockout lines, as well as individual overexpressing lines, of AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 did not demonstrate significant growth or developmental phenotypes. These results suggest that although xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrolysis occurs in parallel with primary wall expansion, morphological effects are subtle or may be compensated by other mechanisms. We hypothesize that there is likely to be an interplay between these xyloglucan endohydrolases and recently discovered apoplastic exo-glycosidases in the hydrolytic modification of matrix xyloglucans.

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“…1, D-G). These include xyloglucan epitopes, as revealed by the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) LM15 (Marcus et al, 2008) and CCRCM1 (Puhlmann et al, 1994;Fig. 1, D and E), and pectins including homogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan, as revealed by the mAbs LM19 (Verhertbruggen et al, 2009) and LM8 (Willats et al, 2004), respectively ( Fig.…”

Section: Characterization Of Flax Root Border-like Cells and Their Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the Responses of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis and Flax to Pathogen-Derived Elicitors

et al. 2013

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Plant pathogens including fungi and bacteria cause many of the most serious crop diseases. The plant innate immune response is triggered upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) such as flagellin22 and peptidoglycan. To date, very little is known of MAMP-mediated responses in roots. Root border cells are cells that originate from root caps and are released individually into the rhizosphere. Root tips of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) release cells known as "border-like cells." Whereas root border cells of pea (Pisum sativum) are clearly involved in defense against fungal pathogens, the function of border-like cells remains to be established. In this study, we have investigated the responses of root border-like cells of Arabidopsis and flax to flagellin22 and peptidoglycan. We found that both MAMPs triggered a rapid oxidative burst in root border-like cells of both species. The production of reactive oxygen species was accompanied by modifications in the cell wall distribution of extensin epitopes. Extensins are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that can be cross linked by hydrogen peroxide to enhance the mechanical strength of the cell wall. In addition, both MAMPs also caused deposition of callose, a well-known marker of MAMP-elicited defense. Furthermore, flagellin22 induced the overexpression of genes involved in the plant immune response in root border-like cells of Arabidopsis. Our findings demonstrate that root borderlike cells of flax and Arabidopsis are able to perceive an elicitation and activate defense responses. We also show that cell wall extensin is involved in the innate immunity response of root border-like cells.

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Pectic homogalacturonan masks abundant sets of xyloglucan epitopes in plant cell walls

Cited by 371 publications

References 46 publications

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

Deciphering the Responses of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis and Flax to Pathogen-Derived Elicitors

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