“…Zirconia, titania, hydroxyapatite, and lithium niobate have also been obtained with the sol-gel method via the use of alkoxides (Table 1). Examples such as a zirconia membrane for the separation of hydrogen from a mixture of gases [32], zirconia-silver oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial applications [33], titania-polymer thin film composites for catalytic activity [34], titania thin films doped with zinc and nitrogen with bactericidal and photocatalytic activities [35], hydroxyapatite powder doped with silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity [36], bioactive poly-ε-caprolactone with alumina and hydroxyapatite composite fibers [37], lithium niobate thin films with optical properties [38], lithium niobate thin films with piezoelectric properties [39], and copper oxide-lithium niobate composites with photocatalytic activity for environmental purposes prepared through the Pechini method [40]. Examples of alumina prepared using alkoxides include the synthesis of γ-alumina using aluminum sec-butoxide [41], γ-alumina microspheres [42], alumina thin films on steel for corrosion protection using aluminum isopropoxide [43], and the use of aluminum triethoxide to improve the properties of a graphene oxide nanocomposite [44].…”