“…46 In addition to the above controls, we also add a control for the size of a country's total 4 3 The sources for this variable are as follows. Austria-Hungary (Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 edition), China (Orleans, 1957), France (Insee, "Le recensement de la population dans l'histoire", Italy (Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Edition), Japan (Eng and Smith, 1976), Netherlands (Oomens and den Bakker, 1997), Ottoman Empire (Karpat, 1978), Prussia, Russia, Spain (Encylopedia Britannica 1911 Edition), Sweden (Hendricks, 1861), UK (Taylor, 1951), United States (US Bureau of the Census). We report the results using GDP per capita to measure state capacity simply because the results for the census measure were generally quite weak.…”