Peaking of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 marks invasive transition in prostate cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the leading health threats to man, and like many other cancers, early detection and treatment is crucial to improving the prognosis of patients. Progression of the disease from noninvasive high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) to invasive adenocarcinoma is linked to the action of a group of proteolytic enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which digest various components of the extracellular matrix and thus open ways for tumor metastasis. Previous studies have shown that one MMP, MMP-26, is expressed at a significantly higher level in human prostate carcinoma than in normal prostate tissues, and that it appears to play an important role in promoting invasion of prostate cancer cells [1]. In this issue of Cell Research, Lee et al. report detailed analyses of the expression pattern of MMP-26, along with its most potent endogenous inhibitor, TIMP-4 (TIMP stands for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), in a number of prostate cancer samples derived from human patients [2]. Interestingly, they found that both MMP-26 and TIMP-4 exhibit the highest expression in HGPIN; and the levels of both proteins are significantly lower in adjacent cancer areas in the same tissues [2]. Consistent with earlier results, the lowest expression of MMP-26 (and TIMP-4) was found in non-neoplastic tissues. As HGPIN is considered the preinvasive precursor form of prostate cancer, the study by Lee et al. implicates that the expression of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 is coordinately regulated during disease progression. This finding is reminiscent of the authors' earlier study in breast cancer, where they showed that the expression of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 is significantly higher in preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ comparing to invasive ductal carcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal breast epithelia [3]. While the functional significance of the apparently coordinated expression pattern of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 during malignant transition remains to be deciphered, these results suggest that peak expression of MMP-26 and TIMP-4 may underlie the conversion from noninvasive to invasive growth by the tumors. Moreover, the highest expression of these factors in HGPIN raises the possibility that they could be used as new biomarkers for early diagnosis of a subset of prostate cancer patients before metastasis.

Regulation of chondrosarcoma invasion by MMP26

“…MMP26 hydrolyzes and subsequently degrades a variety of proteins such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, and collagen type IV. MMP26 has been reported to be expressed in a number of cancers [5][6][7][8]. However, the expression and involvement of MMP26 in CS have not been previously reported.…”

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-26 promotes human glioma U251 cell invasion in vitro and in vivo

“…The elevated expression of MMP-26 is correlated with myometrial invasion of endometrial carcinoma (17,19). MMP-26 also contributes to the local depth of invasion in breast carcinoma, prostate carci-noma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (14,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). The expression of MMP-26 seems to be located in the invading cells.…”