Peak Vertical Jump Power as a Marker of Bone Health in Children

Baptista, Fátima; Mil‐Homens, Pedro; Carita, Ana Isabel; Janz, Kathleen F.; Sardinha, Luís B.

doi:10.1055/s-0042-105290

Cited by 29 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Of these various physical activity characteristics, most research has focused on the effect of load magnitude derived by forces generated via impact with the ground (eg, tumbling, jumping) or impact with an object (eg, racquet sports) (19). Additional research has shown that muscle forces generated during the lift phase of activities such as jumping and vaulting and during resistance exercise also produce osteogenic loads (3,8,19). Static loads (eg, plank exercises) and repetitive low-magnitude loads (eg, bicycling) do not strengthen bone in youth (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Bone Strength and Exercise During Youth—The Year That Was 2017

Janz

Baptista

2018

Pediatric Exercise Science

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The positive effects of physical activity on bone strength are certain. However, researchers have yet to precisely quantify the contribution of specific characteristics of physical activity that affect bone strength in children and adolescents. This commentary highlights 2 noteworthy 2017 publications that addressed osteogenic physical activity dose-response issues. Both papers moved the field forward by providing new insights on physical activity exposures beyond high-impact loading. Koedijk et al's paper was selected because, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first systematic review to solely examine associations between sedentary behavior and indicators of bone strength. The second selected paper, Gabel et al, used novel approaches in accelerometer processing and statistical modeling to separate the osteogenic effects of frequency of short bouts of physical activity from total volume of physical activity. As such, the authors of this paper begin to explore in youth what animal models have shown for some time, that is, optimal bone adaptation requires the correct combination of intensity, frequency, duration, nonrepetitive movement, and rest. Together, these papers signal new and important approaches for the conceptualization, measurement, and interpretation of osteogenic physical activity.Bone is responsive to physical activities that are dynamic, moderate to high in load magnitude, short in load duration, nonrepetitive in load direction, and applied quickly (6,9,10,13). Similar to the adaptation of muscle to physical activity, rest periods are also necessary for osteogenic change (16). Of these various physical activity characteristics, most research has focused on the effect of load magnitude derived by forces generated via impact with the ground (eg, tumbling, jumping) or impact with an object (eg, racquet sports) (19). Additional research has shown that muscle forces generated during the lift phase of activities such as jumping and vaulting and during resistance exercise also produce osteogenic loads (3,8,19). Static loads (eg, plank exercises) and repetitive low-magnitude loads (eg, bicycling) do not strengthen bone in youth (2). Animal studies (12,18) indicate that bone (only) adapts to loads that are greater than the habitual loading environment. The effect of physical activity on bone is most pronounced during the years surrounding puberty (2). However, even then, habitual load thresholds vary among youth, as well as among bone sites, depending on individual musculoskeletal fitness and other factors (eg, nutrition, sex) (2).This commentary focuses on recent papers that provide new understanding about how much and what kind of physical activity influences bone strength in youth. Koedijk et al's (11) paper was selected because, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first systematic review that exclusively examined the association of sedentary behavior to indicators of bone strength. It is informed by decades of research on the effects of bed rest and microgravity on bone, which have shown signif...

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confidence: 99%

Bone Strength and Exercise During Youth—The Year That Was 2017

Janz

Baptista

2018

Pediatric Exercise Science

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“…There is evidence emerging that Pp in a CMJ can predict poor bone health in children (Baptista et al, 2016b;Janz et al, 2015). However, the methods that currently used in such studies to estimate power, are flawed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurement of bone morphology ( as well as mineral density) is becoming an important area of research, in terms of bone health in children (Baptista et al, 2016b;McKay, 2005;Riddell, Solis-Trapala, Prentice, & Ward, 2015). The methodology reported here could benefit this research by providing bone CSA measurements with much lower errors than any other reported methodology.…”

Section: Paper 4 Normative Data For Lower Limb Peak Mechanical Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the methods of assessing the outcome measure (jump height, in the case of Sargent) have changed significantly. It is not uncommon for jump height, as measured and defined in a various different ways, to be reported as power (Patterson & Peterson, 2004) or estimates of power, derived from jump height, to be reported as power (Baptista, Mil-Homens, Carita, Janz, & Sardinha, 2016b;Janz, Letuchy, Burns, Francis, & Levy, 2015). However, such reports are misleading and incorrect.…”

Section: Paper 4 Normative Data For Lower Limb Peak Mechanical Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paper 4 (Owen, N J, Griffiths, W, & Watkins, J, 2015) describes the collection and presentation of normative values of Pp for children aged 7 to 11 years old. This paper is the first to describe valid, reliable normative measures of power in children.The analysis of Pp in a CMJ has been proposed and as a marker for bone health in children(Baptista, Mil-Homens, Carita, Janz, & Sardinha, 2016a). However, as bones are not regular shaped objects, some existing methods of measuring bones' dimensions, in order to determine bone health, are not suitable e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Biomechanical Investigation into Force, Power and Bone Morphology

Owen¹

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Force (F), produced by the neuromuscular system and transmitted by bones, is necessary for locomotion. Performance in activities of daily living and sport requires effective production and use of (F) for optimal outcomes. Quantifying neuromuscular performance, with F and force derived variables, allows monitoring of the effectiveness of training. Strength (S), power (P) and rate of force development (RFD) are important neuromuscular variables (NV) for predicting physical performance, which can be measured using a force platform (FP). This corpus comprises of 5 papers that examine different aspects of force in terms of human performance. Paper 1, investigated using postactivation potentiation (PAP), that may increase P temporarily, on international swimmers and the effect on start time compared to a traditional warm-up. There was no difference in start time although P was enhanced. PAP could be a useful alternative to a traditional warm-up. Paper 2, examined the relationship between isometric F variables and dynamic performance using new method of F analysis. Correlations were found between RFD, peak F and F at 100 ms vs.10 m sprint times and jump height. Paper 3, reported the first published criterion method for determining peak mechanical P (Pp) in a countermovement jump (CMJ), measured by a FP, with an accuracy < 1%. Paper 4, reported Pp normative values, which could be used to measure coordination and bone health in children, 7 to 11 years old, as existing, subjective measures are unreliable. Athletes' bones experience high forces, causing changes in their shape and composition. The Mary Rose skeletal collection comprises of 97 skeletons, some of which were elite athletes (archers). Paper 5 reports a valid and reliable method measuring periosteal cross sectional areas to accuracies of < 1% essential for identification of occupational activity and bone health measurement. NVs are useful metrics for assessing human performance and bone health. Morphometrics of bone health and NVs need to be optimised for validity and reliability in order to derive maximum performance and clinical benefit.

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Biomechanics and Stress Fractures: Utility of Running Gait Analysis

Meardon

2020

Stress Fractures in Athletes

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Peak Vertical Jump Power as a Marker of Bone Health in Children

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Bone Strength and Exercise During Youth—The Year That Was 2017

Bone Strength and Exercise During Youth—The Year That Was 2017

A Biomechanical Investigation into Force, Power and Bone Morphology

Biomechanics and Stress Fractures: Utility of Running Gait Analysis

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