Peacekeeping Economies in a Sub-Regional Context: The Paradigmatic Cases of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Côte d'Ivoire

Edu-Afful, Fiifi; Aning, Kwesi

doi:10.1080/17502977.2015.1070020

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Second, scholarship has also explored localized economic booms around peace operations’ military bases and civilian headquarters—“peacekeeping economies”—which tend to be sources of local security as well as generators of employment and skills training (Aning & Edu-Afful, 2013; Beber et al, 2017, 2019; Bell et al, 2018; Caruso et al, 2017; Jennings, 2015, 2016, 2018; Jennings & Bøås, 2015; Thakur et al, 2007). Edu-Afful and Aning (2015, p. 400) highlight the potential for peacekeeping economies to especially increase the economic opportunities for women in jobs pertaining to “services, enterprise support, entertainment, training and the hospitality industry.” As an example, Rehn and Johnson Sirleaf (2002) highlight a woman working with the UN mission in Kosovo, “who was able to support her family with her earnings as a translator in the peacekeeping mission.” As another example, Rehn and Johnson Sirleaf (2002, p. 132) highlight UNIFEM’s (United Nations Development Fund for Women) programs working with Liberian refugees: “In Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana UNIFEM provided Liberian refugee women with skills training in non-traditional sectors like construction and brickmaking. These women have built their own houses, schools, dormitories and even women’s centres in the refugee camps.” We acknowledge the reality that peacekeeping economies also have an association with sex work and other forms of exploitation.…”

Section: Mechanisms and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can peace operations mitigate the effect of armed conflict on malnutrition? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire

Beardsley

Beardsley²

2023

Environment and Security

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Armed conflict increases food insecurity leading to malnutrition especially in women, but can peace operations mitigate the increased prevalence of malnutrition in conflict zones? This study uses women’s nutrition outcomes—key indicators of societal health and peace potential in a community—as a lens through which one can understand downstream, long-term, consequences of exposures to violence both with and without the presence of United Nations peacekeepers. Comparing data of adult women in Côte d’Ivoire from the Demographic and Health Surveys, across two waves that cover pre-conflict and post-conflict periods, shows that peace-operation deployments mitigated the relationship between conflict and malnutrition. Exposure to armed conflict in the absence of peace operations is associated with an increased propensity for underweight, while exposure to armed conflict in the presence of peacekeeping troops is not associated with an increased propensity for underweight. A cross-national analysis using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization also confirms that food security, as well as cereal and meat production, in the wake of conflict improves with peace-operation deployments.

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Section: Mechanisms and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can peace operations mitigate the effect of armed conflict on malnutrition? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire

Beardsley

Beardsley²

2023

Environment and Security

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“…Some academics and aid practitioners more focussed on the impacts of the presence of aid rely on the notion of "peacekeeping economy" to describe the relationships induced by the presence of aid agencies. This concept has inspired Jennings (2014Jennings ( , 2015 and Anning and Edu-Afful (Aning and Edu-Afful 2013;Edu-Afful and Aning 2015) to analyse the gendered aspects of the relationships between peacekeepers and the local populations. Studies on the presence of aid agencies are mostly grounded on qualitative research than quantitative, partly because systematic data collection is scarce, with a few exceptions (Carnahan, Durch, and Gilmore 2006).…”

Section: Aid Security and Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

International Aid and Urban Change

2022

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The presence of expatriate humanitarian workers in African cities is not neutral. Country capitals receive large and sudden influx of expatriates during humanitarian crises responses. This book examines the influence of this presence on the local urban ecosystem, from the building of a security discourse to the self-segregation of aid agencies in expatriate enclaves. The examples of Abidjan, Bamako, Juba and Nairobi illustrate different variants of urban change induced by the normative power of aid organisations.

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“…Essential to building a sustainable system of SEA prevention/response is integrating survivors of SEA who are raising children and women/girls more broadly into the high-skilled workforce, as well as incorporating their lived experiences within political decision-making. Such an approach could also address the negative gendered effects of peacekeeping economies, wherein the influx of peacekeepers magnifies low-skilled service industries of domestic labor, waitressing and sex work, which magnify power differentials and increase risk of SEA (Edu-Afful and Aning, 2015).…”

Section: Socio-economic Progression Of Women and Girlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive and reactive responses to pregnancies resulting from sexual exploitation and abuse: an ecological model based on Haitian survivors’ experiences

Vahedi

Lee

Bartels

2021

JACPR

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the lived experience of seeking justice and reparations related to conceiving a peacekeeper-fathered child. Design/methodology/approach Based on 18 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted across Haiti in 2017, the authors mapped the experiences of Haitian mothers of peacekeeper-fathered children onto the ecological framework, proposing prevention/response strategies at the micro, meso and macro levels. Findings The findings mainly focus on reporting and access to support. Reporting was sometimes discouraged by the peacekeeper fathers due to the fear of being reprimanded. Among women who did report, some were told that nothing could be done, as the peacekeeper returned to his home country. Disclosure fatigue was common among participants who formally reported their pregnancies/peacekeeper-fathered children, particularly when promises of employment or child support failed to materialize. Overall, there was widespread distrust and disillusionment with the UN’s reporting and support system. Originality/value To improve the UN’s sexual abuse and exploitation prevention/response system at the micro level, the authors propose addressing personal knowledge/attitudes/beliefs through scenario-based and contextually relevant peacekeeper training and addressing the sexual/reproductive health needs of women and girls in proximity to peacekeeping bases. At the meso level, the UN should improve trust in reporting. Efforts to do so should include mandatory third-party deoxyribonucleic acid testing and banking, streamlined reporting mechanisms and removing the practice of automatically repatriating implicated peacekeepers. At the macro level, the authors recommend investments to improve educational and economic opportunities for women and girls, as well as revamping policies that contribute to impunity and absolve peacekeepers and troop-contributing countries of their responsibilities to provide child support.

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Peacekeeping Economies in a Sub-Regional Context: The Paradigmatic Cases of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Côte d'Ivoire

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Can peace operations mitigate the effect of armed conflict on malnutrition? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire

Can peace operations mitigate the effect of armed conflict on malnutrition? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire

International Aid and Urban Change

Proactive and reactive responses to pregnancies resulting from sexual exploitation and abuse: an ecological model based on Haitian survivors’ experiences

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