PDQ—Paint Data Queries: The History and Technology Behind the Development of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Laboratory Services Automotive Paint Database

Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Finishes (1998–2000).IX. Identification of Bismuth Oxychloride and Silver/White Mica Pearlescent Pigments Using Extended RangeFT‐IRSpectroscopy,XRFSpectrometry, andSEM/EDSAnalysis

“…The basecoat also contains barium sulfate, so two viscosity control agents were used in this layer. The presence or absence of barium sulfate and synthetic silica in basecoats and synthetic silica in clearcoats can be used to differentiate between some finishes (compare, for example, Figs A and A ), as well as to serve as a basis for classifying their chemical compositions .…”

“…Based on information provided by PPG and BASF in 1999 and supplemented by spectra in the Paint Data Query (PDQ) database , the possible finish systems that were used on some of the models listed in Table are indicated. These are finishes used on metal substrates.…”

“…SUZUKI . IDENTIFICATION OF BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE 1209 (compare, for example,Figs 3A and 4A), as well as to serve as a basis for classifying their chemical compositions(14,24).…”

Forensic analysis of automotive paints using a pattern recognition assisted infrared library searching system: Ford (2000–2006)

“…In these situations, the task confronting a forensic paint examiner is to identify the make, line, model, and production year of automotive vehicles with paint of similar composition to that of the recovered paint fragment (chip). To make this identification possible, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) have developed a comprehensive forensic automotive paint database known as the paint data query (PDQ) database [1,2]. PDQ is a database of the physical attributes, the chemical composition, and the infrared (IR) spectrum of each layer of the original manufacturer's paint system for over 21,000 individual samples representing paint systems used in domestic and foreign vehicles sold in North America.…”

Chemical discrimination of multilayered paint cross sections for potential forensic applications using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

“…Analytical tools such as X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy are routinely used for elemental analysis of paints, while Raman and infrared spectroscopies have successfully been evaluated as powerful tools for the identification and discrimination of chemical composition, especially when paired with multivariate analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, internationally adopted databases such as the Paint Data Query contain infrared spectral data from over 21 000 paint samples to assist in chemical identification for further discrimination . Techniques currently available and examined for such applications include UV–visible/fluorescence imaging, near infrared imaging, and Raman mapping and imaging, with a roughly 5 μm image resolution to resolve small features, such as recovered paint evidence in the form of smears, droplets, embedded chips, and partial layers (one or two top layers only).…”