Pd-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylation and Telescopic Borylation/Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Processes in Deep-Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

We report an efficient procedure to carry out palladium-catalyzed Miyaura borylation reactions of (hetero)aromatic halides and triflates in choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The procedure employs bis-(pinacolato)diboron as a boron source and a catalyst prepared in situ from readily available Pd 2 (dba) 3 and the phosphine ligand XPhos. Reactions proceed well in different ChCl-based DESs, among which the best results were provided by environmentally friendly and biodegradable mixtures with glycerol and glucose. The reaction tolerates both EDG and EWG substituents on the substrates and can be run on different halides (chloride, bromide, iodide) and pseudohalides (triflate). Furthermore, for several substrates, the catalyst loading can be reduced to 1 mol % Pd (0.5% mol Pd 2 (dba) 3 ) without compromising the reaction yield. Moreover, we show that the Miyaura borylation protocol in DES can be combined with a subsequent Suzuki−Miyaura crosscoupling reaction in a one-pot procedure, allowing access to various biaryl products and demonstrating its synthetic utility by preparing the precursors of two compounds with reported applications in the photovoltaics sector. Finally, two green metrics (Efactor and EcoScale) of the new one-pot procedure in DES were calculated and compared with literature values to assess the potential advantages in terms of waste reduction, safety, and energy consumption.