PCR–IMS detection and molecular typing of <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> recovered from a recreational river source and an associated mussel (<i>Mytilus edulis</i>) bed in Northern Ireland

Lowery, Colm; Nugent, Philip; Moore, John E.; Millar, B. Cherie; Xiru, X.; Dooley, James

doi:10.1017/s0950268801006276

Cited by 56 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Up to 12.5 % of the samples analyzed contained Cryptosporidium oocysts. This rate is considerable high from a public health perspective and similar to those levels cited in previous reports (Gomez-Bautista et al, 2000;Lowery et al, 2001;Giangaspero et al, 2005). Moreover, water analysis in the area where the mussel samples were collected in the Chao Phraya River was also conducted.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In another study, infective C. parvum oocysts were detected in mussels and cockle from a shellfish-producing region that account for the majority of European shellfish production (Gomez-Bautista et al, 2000). All these data suggested that mussels and cockles could act as a reservoir of C. parvum infections to humans (GomezBautista et al, 2000;Graczyk et al, 1998;Graczyk et al, 2001;Lowery et al, 2001). In the present work, the green mussels (Perna viridis) native to the mouth of the Chao Phraya River have been examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Humans are therefore at risk of infection either by consumption of shellfish, or by taking part in recreational activities in these areas. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels has been reported in European countries (Gomez-Bautista et al, 2000;Lowery et al, 2001;Gómez-Couso et al, 2003;Gómez-Couso et al, 2004;MacRae et al, 2005;Li et al, 2006), USA (Graczyk et al, 1999;, and Canada (Graczyk et al, 2001). The detection of these parasites in mussels is of concern due to the potential cryptosporidiosis risk of consuming raw or light-cooked seafood.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in green mussels (Perna viridis) from shell-fish markets of Thailand

2009

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Summary :Mussels filter large volumes of water and can concentrate pathogenic organisms, which may act as potential vehicles of transmission to the consumer. A survey study was carried out to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium protozoan parasites in green mussels (Perna viridis), the smussles pecies most destined for consumption in Thailand. In total, 56 samples were examined from Bangkok (n = 24) and Samut Prakan (n = 32) a wholesale shell-fish markets located at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The market for green mussels was closed to the mussel culture placed along the coastal line and this localization may have significant economical impact if the mussels' cultures are found contaminated. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected by the immunofluorescence antibody method (IFA) in 12.5 % of the samples examined. The detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in green mussels' population of Samut Prakan was higher (15.6 %) than in Bangkok market (8.3 %). These differences in positive samples from the two locations may be caused by physical, ecological and anthropogenic conditions. This could relay to different contamination levels of marine water by Cryptosporidium oocysts and consequently to contamination of harvested shellfish populations. The results demonstrate that the Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were found indigenous in mussels from the coastal line of Thailand, indicating that mussels may act as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium foodborne infections for humans. Résumé : DÉTECTION D'OOCYSTES

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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Detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in green mussels (Perna viridis) from shell-fish markets of Thailand

2009

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“…Mussels, clams, oysters, and cockles from several coastal regions have been confirmed as being naturally contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (Fayer et al 1999;Lowery et al 2001;Giangaspero et al 2005;Li et al 2006). Oocysts of Cryptosporidium were also found in commercial shellfish from 64.9% of the sites examined along the Atlantic coast, either by microscopy using direct immunofluorescence assay or molecular testing.…”

Section: ; Gó Mez-couso Et Al 2005)mentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (Tivela mactroides) in Brazil

Leal

Pereira

Franco

et al. 2008

Journal of Water and Health

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The consumption of oysters and cockles, which are usually eaten raw or lightly-cooked, can cause outbreaks of human diseases, especially if these shellfish are harvested from polluted areas. In Brazil data about the occurrence of pathogens, like hepatitis A virus, in shellfish have been reported but research on natural contamination for pathogenic protozoa is still non-existent.Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination of oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (Tivela (0.1%). Immunofluorescence assays were performed and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 50.0% of gill pools of cockles and 10.0% of gill pools of oysters. In order to evaluate seawater quality in shellfish growing areas, total levels of thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were determined. This is the first time that Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in shellfish from the coastal region of Brazil, and to the best of our knowledge it is also the first report in Latin America and the case might be of public health importance, reflecting the extension of the contamination on seafood, requiring a need for quality control standards.

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“…Reduction or elimination of PCR inhibitors prior to, during, or after DNA extraction has become an important stage in molecular diagnosis of protozoan pathogens in water and other environmental samples (Jiang et al, 2005). Currently, Cryptosporidium and Giardia by IMS and culture enrichment prior to DNA extraction are standard procedures to eliminate or considerably reduce substances that might be inhibitory to DNA amplification by PCR (Lowery et al, 2001;Nugent et al, 2001;Fontaine & Guillot, 2003). These, however, become impractical for organisms that have no IMS procedures or that cannot be cultured.…”

Section: Development In the Methods Of Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for parasitic protozoans detection in the environmental samples

Skotarczak

2009

Parasite

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Summary :The environmental route of transmission of many parasitic protozoa and their potential for producing large numbers of transmissive stages constitute persistent threats to public and veterinary health. Conventional and new immunological and molecular methods enable to assess the occurrence, prevalence, levels and sources of waterborne protozoa. Concentration, purification, and detection are the three key steps in all methods that have been approved for routine monitoring of waterborne cysts and oocysts. These steps have been optimized to such an extent that low levels of naturally occurring (oo)cysts of protozoan can be efficiently recovered from water. Ten years have passed since the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) introduced the 1622 and 1623 methods and used them to concentrate and detect the oocysts of Cryptosporidium and cysts of Giardia in water samples. Nevertheless, the methods still need studies and improvements. Pre-PCR processing procedures have been developed and they are still improved to remove or reduce the effects of PCR inhibitors. The progress in molecular methods allows to more precise distinction of species or simultaneous detection of several parasites, however, they are still not routinely used and need standardization. Standardized methods are required to maximize public health surveillance. Résumé : MÉTHODES DE DÉTECTIONS DES PROTOZOAIRES PARASITES DANS L'ENVIRONNEMENT Les voies de transmissions de nombreux protozoaires parasites dans l'environnement et leur aptitude à y produire un nombre élevé de formes transmissibles constituent des menaces persistantes tant en santé humaine qu'animale. Des méthodes conventionnelles et de nouvelles méthodes moléculaires et immunologiques permettent d'évaluer la fréquence, la prévalence, les niveaux et les origines des protozoaires transmis par l'eau. La concentration, la purification et la détection sont les trois étapes clés de toutes les méthodes agréées pour la surveillance de routine des kystes et des oocystes transmis par l'eau. Ces étapes ont été optimisées à un niveau d'efficacité tel que les faibles concentrations naturelles d'(oo)cystes présents dans l'eau sont efficacement détectées. Dix ans se sont écoulés depuis l'introduction par l'United States

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PCR–IMS detection and molecular typing of Cryptosporidium parvum recovered from a recreational river source and an associated mussel (Mytilus edulis) bed in Northern Ireland

Cited by 56 publications

References 16 publications

Detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in green mussels (Perna viridis) from shell-fish markets of Thailand

Detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in green mussels (Perna viridis) from shell-fish markets of Thailand

First report of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and cockles (Tivela mactroides) in Brazil

Methods for parasitic protozoans detection in the environmental samples

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