PCR-based detection and serovar identification of Salmonella in retail meat collected from wet markets in Metro Manila, Philippines

Santos, Pauline Dianne; Widmer, Kenneth W.; Rivera, Windell L.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239457

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, the serotype or ST was not contemplated for sample referral and thus our results should be representative of the population. Twelve of the NTS serotypes identified in this study, including the dominant S. Enteritidis and monophasic S. I 4, [5],12:i:-, were previously reported from retail meat in the Philippines, 27 suggesting a potential foodchain reservoir. The monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (serovar I 4, [5],12:i:-) ST34 rose in prevalence in Europe since the early 2000s and disseminated across the world likely via the food-chain, especially pigs and pig meat, 28 which is the most consumed livestock meat in the Philippines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the Philippines, 2013-2014

Lagrada

Argimón

Borlasa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella has been observed in the Philippines. This study aims to utilize whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize the population and AMR mechanisms of Salmonella captured by the Philippine Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program (ARSP) and contrast to traditional laboratory methods. We sequenced the whole genomes of 148 SalmonellaTyphi (S. Typhi) and 65 non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) collected in the Philippines in 2013-2014. From the genome sequences, we determined the serotype, multilocus sequence type, presence of determinants of antimicrobial resistance and relatedness between isolates. We also compared the genotypic predictions of serotype and AMR to the phenotypic data. AMR rates in S. Typhi were low, with sparse acquisition of mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes. In contrast, three quarters of NTS isolates were insusceptible to at least one antimicrobial, with more than half carrying mutations and/or genes linked to resistance to fluoroquinolones. ESBL genes were detected in five genomes that also carried other AMR determinants. The population of S. Typhi was dominated by the likely endemic genotype 3.0, which also caused of a putative local outbreak susceptible to antibiotics. The main NTS clades were global epidemic S. Enteritidis ST11 and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium (I 4,[5],12:i:-) ST34, which had frequently been serotyped as S. Typhimurium in the laboratory. This was the first time that Salmonella isolated from the Philippines were characterized by WGS and we provide evidence of its utility for ongoing surveillance at the ARSP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Enteritidis and monophasic S . I 4, [5],12:i:-, were previously reported from retail meat in the Philippines, 27 suggesting a potential food-chain reservoir. The monophasic variant of S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the Philippines, 2013-2014

Lagrada

Argimón

Borlasa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…The method for isolation of Salmonella was followed as per the protocol described by Santos et al (2020) . About 25 g of the sample was aseptically homogenized and inoculated into 225 ml of buffered peptone water (M614, HiMedia, India) in a sterile jar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Bacteria, Detection of Enterotoxin Genes, and Screening of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Traditionally Processed Meat Products of Sikkim, India

2021

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The lesser-known traditionally processed meat products such as beef kargyong, pork kargyong, satchu, and khyopeh are popular food items in the Himalayan state of Sikkim in India. The present study aimed to assess the microbiological safety of traditional meat products by identifying the potential spoilage or pathogenic bacteria, detecting the enterotoxins, and screening the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The pH and moisture contents of the meat products varied from 5.3 to 5.9 and from 1.5 to 18%, respectively. The microbial loads of aerobic bacteria were 105 to 107 cfu/g, Staphylococcus 103 to 106 cfu/g, Bacillus 104 to 106 cfu/g, and total coliform 102 to 107 cfu/g, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacterial species isolated from traditionally processed meat products were Staphylococcus piscifermentans, Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter werkmanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudocitrobacter anthropi, Citrobacter europaeus, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia fergusonii, Klebsiella grimontii, Burkholderia cepacia, and Bacillus cereus. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests detected Salmonella spp. and enterotoxins produced by B. cereus well as Staphylococcus in a few tested samples. However, the PCR method did not detect the virulence genes of B. cereus and Salmonella in the isolates. Virulence gene (sea) was detected in S. piscifermentans BSLST44 and S. piscifermentans BULST54 isolated from beef kargyong and in S. aureus PSST53 isolated from pork kargyong. No enterotoxins were detected in khyopeh samples. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all bacterial strains were susceptible toward gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim. Gram-positive bacteria showed 100% sensitivity against clindamycin and erythromycin; however, 50% of the resistance pattern was observed against oxacillin followed by penicillin (33%) and ampicillin (27%).

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“…occurrence in wet markets are poor animal keeping conditions (overcrowding, cramped cages, transport mortality, wrong or insufficient food, proximity to other animal and species, stress, injuries and diseases), poor sanitation (lack of toilets and hand washing stations) and the possibility to contaminate fresh food and meat by shedding bacteria from wildlife animals [137,138]. To date, a lot of studies relied on the contamination of different types of meat including chicken, beef and pork by Salmonella enterica in China, Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam [139][140][141]. The studies from Asia also confirmed presence of virulence genes and multi drug resistant and ESBL producing (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) fenotypes of S. enterica isolated from meat sampled in wet markets [142,143]…”

Section: The Importance Of Wildlife Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets

Dróżdż

Małaszczuk

Paluch

et al. 2021

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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Salmonellosis is a global health problem, affecting approximately 1.3 billion people annually. Most of these cases are related to food contamination. However, although the majority of Salmonella serovars are pathogenic to humans, animals can be asymptomatic carriers of these bacteria. Nowadays, a wide range of animals is present in human households as pets, including reptiles, amphibians, dogs, cats, ornamental birds, and rodents. Pets contaminate the environment of their owners by shedding the bacteria intermittently in their feaces. In consequence, theyare thought to cause salmonellosis through pet-to-human transmission.Each Salmonella serovar has a different zoonotic potential, which is strongly regulated by stress factors such as transportation, crowding, food deprivation, or temperature. In this review, we summarize the latest reports concerning Salmonella-prevalence and distribution in pets as well as the risk factors and means of prevention of human salmonellosis caused by contact with their pets. Our literature analysis (based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases) is limited to the distribution of Salmonella serovars found in commonly owned pet species. We collected the recent results of studies concerning testing for Salmonella spp. in biological samples, indicating their prevalence in pets, with regard to clinical cases of human salmonellosis.

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PCR-based detection and serovar identification of Salmonella in retail meat collected from wet markets in Metro Manila, Philippines

Cited by 27 publications

References 46 publications

Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the Philippines, 2013-2014

Genomic Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the Philippines, 2013-2014

Molecular Characterization of Bacteria, Detection of Enterotoxin Genes, and Screening of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Traditionally Processed Meat Products of Sikkim, India

Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets

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