PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Baltic fish – Recent data, risk for consumers

Mikołajczyk, Szczepan; Warenik-Bany, Małgorzata; Pajurek, Marek

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112763

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Comparing the exposure data resulting from the consumption of bivalve mussels with the exposure resulting from the consumption of other products, mussels are not a significant source of PCDD/Fs or DL-PCBs. Much higher exposure is due to the consumption of Baltic fish: ingestion of one 100 g portion resulted in 24-and 8-fold TWI exceedances for children and adults respectively (24). Consumption of not only Baltic fish, but also of freshwater fish from contaminated sites, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest exposure was from consumption of Pacific oysters; nevertheless, it did not result in the TWI being exceeded. It should be noted that this calculation does not take into account other consumed food commodities which may also contain PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, such as fish, eggs, milk or meat (22,24,26,28,29,43). However, bearing in mind the low consumption of bivalve molluscs in Poland, especially by children, they should not be of concern as sources of PCDD/F and DL-PCB exposure.…”

Section: Levels Of Pcdd/fs and Pcbs In Bivalve Molluscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalve molluscs. Risk to Polish consumers?

Mikołajczyk

Warenik-Bany

Pajurek

2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were investigated in six species of bivalve mollusc purchased on the Polish retail market. The risk to consumers was calculated as a percentage of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (2 pg World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ) kg−1 body weight (b.w.)). Material and Methods Altogether 32 samples were analysed using an isotope dilution technique with high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Results Low levels of all analysed compounds were found. The range of PCDD/Fs was 0.08–0.37 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 of wet weight (w.w.) and 0.04–0.41 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 w.w. for DL-PCBs. The highest concentrations of all analysed compounds were found in Pacific oysters, at 0.30 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 w.w. for the sum of PCDD/Fs and 0.19 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 for the sum of DL-PCBs. These concentrations were 2–4 times higher than those detected in the other analysed mollusc species. Different species-dependent congener profiles were observed for PCDD/F concentrations, while PCB congener concentration profiles were species independent. The risk to consumers was assessed relating theoretical intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs per 25, 50 and 100 g of consumption of molluscs per week to the TWI. Conclusion Taking into account the low consumption of molluscs in Poland and low concentrations of analysed compounds, neither adults nor children are likely to exceed the TWI by ingestion of food in this category.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Levels Of Pcdd/fs and Pcbs In Bivalve Molluscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalve molluscs. Risk to Polish consumers?

Mikołajczyk

Warenik-Bany

Pajurek

2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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“…The results indicate that eggs from the contaminated farm could be a significant source of PCDD/F/ DL-PCB. One should keep in mind that this calculation does not take into account other consumed food, which can also contain PCDD/F/DL-PCB, such as fish and milk (Piskorska-Pliszczynska et al 2017a;Mikolajczyk et al 2021). The presented case is an anomaly, and the dietary intake calculated here should not be applied to the general population.…”

Section: Dietary Intake-risk For Consumersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engine oil from agricultural machinery as a source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in free-range hens

Pajurek

Mikołajczyk

Warenik-Bany

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Free-range hens spend most of their lives outdoors, resulting in their heavy exposure to environmental pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs). We present a case of contamination of free-range eggs that is previously unreported in the literature. The aim of our study was a source investigation after finding a high level of PCDD/Fs in samples of eggs from one of the inspected farms. Samples of hens’ eggs, muscles, and livers and the feeds and soils were analyzed. The results showed that the soil samples taken from the paddock contained high concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs expressed as toxic equivalents (TEQ) (72.9 ± 18.2 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 dry mas (d.m.)) and a high concentration of NDL-PCBs (207 ± 46.9 ng g−1 d.m.). The investigation found that the cause of the soil contamination was oil leaking from the farm’s tractor engine. The oil contained very high concentrations of PCDD/F and DL-PCBs (1013 ± 253 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 oil) and 5644 ng g−1 of NDL-PCBs. The source of the contamination was confirmed by the similarity of the PCDD/F and PCB profiles in the hen eggs and the soil contaminated by engine oil. The dietary intake of toxins resulting from consumption of the eggs is provided. For children, the consumption of contaminated eggs would result in an intake of double the tolerable weekly intake (TWI), while for adults, it would be approx. 60–70% of TWI.

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“…The concentrations of organochlorines vary in prey fish between the areas of the Baltic Sea, and the concentration differences are amplified in salmon [2,49,60,61]. In GoF salmon, the concentrations of PCBs and PCDDs in particular were larger than in salmon from the other Baltic Sea basins [2,49].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Lipid Content of Prey Fish and n−3 PUFA Peroxidation Impair the Thiamine Status of Feeding-Migrating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Is Reflected in Hepatic Biochemical Indices

et al. 2022

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Signs of impaired thiamine (vitamin B1) status in feeding-migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied in three Baltic Sea areas, which differ in the proportion and nutritional composition of prey fish sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus). The concentration of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFAs) increased in salmon with dietary lipids and n−3 PUFAs, and the hepatic peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased exponentially with increasing n−3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) concentration, whereas hepatic total thiamine concentration, a sensitive indicator of thiamine status, decreased with the increase in both body lipid and n−3 PUFA or DHA concentration. The hepatic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was suppressed by high dietary lipids. In salmon muscle and in prey fish, the proportion of thiamine pyrophosphate increased, and that of free thiamine decreased, with increasing body lipid content or PUFAs, or merely DHA. The thiamine status of salmon was impaired mainly due to the peroxidation of n−3 PUFAs, whereas lipids as a source of metabolic energy had less effect. Organochlorines or general oxidative stress did not affect the thiamine status. The amount of lipids, and, specifically, their long-chain n−3 PUFAs, are thus responsible for generating thiamine deficiency, and not a prey fish species per se.

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PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Baltic fish – Recent data, risk for consumers

Cited by 20 publications

References 42 publications

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalve molluscs. Risk to Polish consumers?

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalve molluscs. Risk to Polish consumers?

Engine oil from agricultural machinery as a source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in free-range hens

High Lipid Content of Prey Fish and n−3 PUFA Peroxidation Impair the Thiamine Status of Feeding-Migrating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Is Reflected in Hepatic Biochemical Indices

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