PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Evolution and Deployment

Abstract

C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) is a state-of-the-art wireless technology used in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This technology has extended the coverage and blind-spot detection of autonomous driving vehicles. Economically, C-V2X is much more cost-effective than the traditional sensors that are commonly used by autonomous driving vehicles. This cost-benefit makes it more practical in a large scale deployment. PC5-based C-V2X uses an RF (Radio Frequency) sidelink direct communication for low latency mission-critical vehicle sensor connectivity. Over the C-V2X radio communications, the autonomous driving vehicle’s sensor ability can now be largely enhanced to the distances as far as the network covers. In 2020, 5G is commercialized worldwide, and Taiwan is at the forefront. Operators and governments are keen to see its implications in people’s daily life brought by its low latency, high reliability, and high throughput. Autonomous driving class L3 (Conditional Automation) or L4 (Highly Automation) are good examples of 5G’s advanced applications. In these applications, the mobile networks with URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication) are perfectly demonstrated. Therefore, C-V2X evolution and 5G NR (New Radio) deployment coincide and form a new ecosystem. This ecosystem will change how people will drive and how transportation will be managed in the future. In this paper, the following topics are covered. Firstly, the benefits of C-V2X communication technology. Secondly, the standards of C-V2X and C-V2X applications for automotive road safety system which includes V2P/V2I/V2V/V2N, and artificial intelligence in VRU (Vulnerable Road User) detection, object recognition and movement prediction for collision warning and prevention. Thirdly, PC5-based C-V2X deployment status in global, especially in Taiwan. Lastly, current challenges and conclusions of C-V2X development.

The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in the Opinion of Automotive Market Users

“…It is anticipated that the wide-scale application of V2X technology can greatly improve transport safety and particularly significantly reduce vehicle collisions, especially in light vehicle accidents, by improving situational awareness. There are two types of V2X communication technology depending on the underlying technology being used: WLAN-based and cellular-based (C-V2X) technologies based on LTE [9][10][11][12][13]. Technology based on Wi-Fi is based on the standard IEEE802.11p for vehicular communication.…”

“…It is also known as ITS-G5-Wireless short range to Intelligent Transport System, or DSRC-Dedicated Short-Range Communications (American or European protocol, respectively) [12]. C-V2X uses 3GPP-The Third Generation Partnership Project, 4G-The fourth generation, LTE-long-term evolution, or 5G-the fifth generation new radio (NR) connectivity to transmit and receive signals [13]. It uses two complementary transmission modes.…”

Secure and Efficient High Throughput Medium Access Control for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

“…DSRC is a dedicated short-range communication, which is a one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication technology based on the IEEE802.11p protocol [7,8]. In October 1999, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for use by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [9], which is now one of the two technologies that implement V2X [10]. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for use by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [9], which is now one of the two technologies that implement 2 [10].…”

“…In October 1999, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for use by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [9], which is now one of the two technologies that implement V2X [10]. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for use by Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) [9], which is now one of the two technologies that implement 2 [10]. DSRC adopts the IEEE 802.11p standard specification for wireless communication [11], where each device broadcast a safety-related message every 100-300 milliseconds, which possess vehicle driving-related data, such as speed, location, and driving status (e.g., waiting for the signal, regular driving, traffic jam, etc.…”

“… is a dedicated short-range communication, which is a one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication technology based on the protocol [ 7 , 8 ]. In October 1999, the United States Federal Communications Commission allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for use by Intelligent Transportation Systems [ 9 ], which is now one of the two technologies that implement [ 10 ].…”