PBDF and PBDD from the combustion of bromine containing flame retarded polymers: A survey

Dumler, R.; Thoma, Heinz; Lenoir, Dieter; Hutzinger, O.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(89)90025-8

Cited by 74 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The last decade several studies about the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PBDDs and PBDFs) during thermal degradation of polymers containing brominated flame retardants have been published [1,2]. Also the presence of mixed brominate~chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PXDDs and PXDFs with X=C1, Br) in municipal waste incinerator fly ash has been shown [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of bromine in the de novo synthesis in a model fly ash system

Luijk¹,

Dorland²,

Smit³

et al. 1994

Chemosphere

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The role of bromine in de novo synthesis in a model fly ash system. Luijk, R.; Dorland, C.; Smit, P.; Jansen, J.; Govers, H.A.J. Published in: Chemosphere DOI:10.1016/0045-6535(94) Link to publication Citation for published version (APA):Luijk, R., Dorland, C., Smit, P., Jansen, J., & Govers, H. A. J. (1994). The role of bromine in de novo synthesis in a model fly ash system. Chemosphere, 28(7), 1299-1309. DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90074-4 General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 10 May 2018Pergamon 0045-6535(94)E0062-X Chemosphere, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 1299-1309, 1994 Copyright © 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0045-6535/94 $7.004-0.00 THE ROLE OF BROMINE IN THE DE NOVO SYNTHESIS IN A MODEL FLY ASH SYSTEM ABSTRACTThe role of bromine in the de novo synthesis in a model fly ash system has been evaluated. A silica-alumina carrier was impregnated with a CuX7 catalyst system (X=C1, 0.5 wt%; X=Br, 0.8 wt%). A flow of air with 5 vol. % I-IX (X=C1 or Br) was passed over a fixed bed at 300°C. Several processes have been investigated concerning the role of bromine and chlorine in the formation of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in municipal waste incinerator fly ash under conditions observed in an electrostatic precipitator:The exchange of bromine and chlorine in 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin; The reactivity and selectivity of bromine and chlorine in the halogenation of the parent structures dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran;The competition of bromine and chlorine in the de novo synthesis. INTRODUCTIONThe last decade several studies about the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PBDDs and PBDFs) during thermal degradation of polymers containing brominated flame retardants have been published [1,2]. Also the presence of mixed brominate~chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PXDDs and PXDFs with X=C1, Br) in municipal waste incinerator fly ash has been shown [3,4]. However, the analysis of PBDD/PBDFs and the mixed halogenated PXDD/PXDFs (X=CI, Br) is accompanied with difficulties. The physico-chemical properties of polybrominated compounds, i.e. high molecular weight, high melting point, low vapour pressure and low thermal stability requires a sop...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of bromine in the de novo synthesis in a model fly ash system

Luijk¹,

Dorland²,

Smit³

et al. 1994

Chemosphere

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“…Confounding the problem is the lack of commercially available standards for the identification of the bromo/chloro mixed congeners; only about fifteen are available. Investigations into the PXDD/F content of laboratory scale fires of BFR containing materials have been performed, but a complete characterization has not been attempted [17,[20][21][22][23][24]. For example, Schafer and Ballschmiter [14], Tong et al [15], and Sovocool et al [16] focused on the monobromo/polychlorinated congeners while Gullett et al [12] only focused on identifying polybrominated and polychlorinated congeners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Polybrominated (PBDDs and PBDFs) and mixed bromo/chloro (PXDD and PXDFs) dioxins and furans have all been discovered in the flyash generated by municipal waste incinerators, in stack emissions from industrial facilities, and in particulate emissions from electronic waste disposals [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The source of PXDD/F generation has been shown to be from brominated flame retardants (BFRs) within the products being incinerated [17]. The widespread use of BFRs in consumer products, mandated by law [18,19], raises concern as to the other options for end-of-life of flame retardants, especially in cases of residential or commercial fires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive characterization of the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contents of residential fire debris using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry

Organtini

Myers

Jobst

et al. 2014

Journal of Chromatography A

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“…A great deal of work has been conducted concerning the fire performance of polystyrene containing halogenated compounds [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, there are serious disadvantages to this, such as the evolution of toxic gases and corrosive smoke [9][10][11][12][13][14]. It has recently been reported that some brominated aromatic flame retardants currently used may form highly toxic brominated dibenzodioxines and dibenzofurans while burning [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%