Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils

Dermatas, Dimitris; Shen, Gang; Chrysochoou, Maria; Grubb, Dennis G.; Menounou, Nektaria; Dutko, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.009

Cited by 63 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Berm 3 consisted of predominantly fine quartz sand (*40%), with a significant amount of silt and clay (*40%), while berm 7 consisted of silt and clay up to 90% w/w. Mineralogical analyses conducted on the B7 soil within the framework of another study showed that it consists of predominantly feldspars and micas (silt) along with some kaolinite and montmorillonite (clay) (Dermatas et al, 2006b). The ATF soils, both from the 100-m and 300-m ranges, consisted predominantly of fine sand.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, there is a large range of values of Pb concentrations and release rates reported in the literature (Scheinost 2004) and conventional soil parameters cannot fully explain the large variation (i.e., four orders of magnitude) of reported Pbweathering rates in soil environments. While Dermatas et al (2004aDermatas et al ( , 2004bDermatas et al ( , 2006aDermatas et al ( , 2006b) provide a comprehensive perspective of the mechanisms responsible for such large variations in Pb release values, it may be difficult to address the environmental concerns associated with Pb release without due consideration of the Pb particle size. This paper focuses on the role of Pb particle size and its association with specific soil fractions, as key factors that can influence the preferred treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Dermatas

Chrysochoou

2007

Environ Geochem Health

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Six firing range soils were analyzed, representing different environments, firing conditions, and maintenance practices. The particle size distribution and lead (Pb) concentration in each soil fraction were determined for samples obtained from the backstop berms. The main factors that were found to influence Pb fragment size were the type of soil used to construct the berms and the type of weapon fired. The firing of high velocity weapons, i.e., rifles, onto highly angular soils induced significant fragmentation of the bullets and/or pulverization of the soil itself. This resulted in the accumulation of Pb in the finer soil fractions and the spread of Pb contamination beyond the vicinity of the backstop berm. Conversely, the use of clay as backstop and the use of low velocity pistols proved to be favorable for soil clean-up and range maintenance, since Pb was mainly present as large metallic fragments that can be recovered by a simple screening process. Other factors that played important roles in Pb particle size distribution were soil chemistry, firing distance, and maintenance practices, such as the use of water spray for dust suppression and deflectors prior to impact. Overall, coarse Pb particles provide much easier and more cost-effective maintenance, soil clean-up, and remediation via physical separation. Fine Pb particles release Pb more easily, pose an airborne Pb hazard, and require the application of stabilization/solidification treatment methods. Thus, to ensure sustainable firing range operations by means of cost-effective design, maintenance, and clean-up, especially when high velocity weapons are used, the above mentioned factors should be carefully considered.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Dermatas

Chrysochoou

2007

Environ Geochem Health

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“…Due to the near-complete (> 99%) reduction of Cr(VI) by 12× Na2S2O4 in aqueous batch experiments both in the presence and absence of Fe(OH)3 (Fig. 2), the high TCLP Cr concentration most likely derives from the dissolution of Cr(III) during TCLP extraction (Chrysochoou et al, 2010;Dermatas et al, 2006). Further immobilization of Cr(III) was required to meet the EPA standard.…”

Section: Fig 2 Removal Efficiencies Of Cr(vi) In Aqueous Solution Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Remediation of hexavalent chromium contamination in chromite ore processing residue by sodium dithionite and sodium phosphate addition and its mechanism

Cundy

Feng

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Management

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Large amounts of chromite ore processing residue (COPR) wastes have been deposited in many countries worldwide, generating significant contamination issues from the highly mobile and toxic hexavalent chromium species (Cr(VI)). In this study, sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) was used to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in COPR containing high available Fe, and then sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) was utilized to further immobilize Cr(III), via a two-step procedure (TSP). Remediation and immobilization processes and mechanisms were systematically investigated using batch experiments, sequential extraction studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that Na2S2O4 effectively reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III), catalyzed by Fe(III). The subsequent addition of Na3PO4 further immobilized Cr(III) by the formation of crystalline CrPO4·6H2O. However, addition of Na3PO4 simultaneo us ly with Na2S2O4 (via a one-step procedure, OSP) impeded Cr(VI) reduction due to the competitive reaction of Na3PO4 and Na2S2O4 with Fe(III). Thus, the remediatio n efficiency of the TSP was much higher than the corresponding OSP. Using an optimal dosage in the two-step procedure (Na2S2O4 at a dosage of 12× the stoichiome tr ic requirement for 15 days, and then Na3PO4 in a molar ratio (i.e. Na3PO4 : initial Cr(VI)) of 4:1 for another 15 days), the total dissolved Cr in the leachate determined via Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP Cr) testing of our samples was reduced to 3.8 mg/L (from an initial TCLP Cr of 112.2 mg/L, i.e. at >96% efficiency).

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“…Chapter 2 of this report (Metals Leachability-TCLP) discusses many of these problems as they affect SAFRs. Dermatas et al (2006) examined the effect of firing range soil geochemistry on lead speciation and leaching. They found that soil pH and the concentration of available lead and carbonate were the most important parameters for predicting TCLP lead leachability.…”

Section: Remediation Technology Selection Process: Long-term Liabilitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment and Management of Closed or Inactive Small Arms Firing Ranges

Larson¹,

Teeter²,

Medina³

et al. 2007

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Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Remediation of hexavalent chromium contamination in chromite ore processing residue by sodium dithionite and sodium phosphate addition and its mechanism

Treatment and Management of Closed or Inactive Small Arms Firing Ranges

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