Payments for environmental services, gendered livelihoods and forest management in Vietnam: a feminist political ecology perspective

Abstract

Economic approaches to combat environmental degradation and deforestation have resulted in development initiatives such as the Payment for Environmental Services program (PES). This study deals with the effects of PES on women's livelihoods in Thuong Lo commune, Central Vietnam. Employing a feminist political ecology perspective and adopting a qualitative approach, we analyze the gendered roles, responsibilities and effects of PES on local livelihoods. We found that the women in our study portrayed different preferences and knowledge in relation to PES, forest management and livelihoods. Women are often excluded in PES projects due to a range of various socio-cultural factors.Keywords: Payments for Environmental Services; forest management; gender; women's empowerment; livelihoods; Central Vietnam; Co Tu people

Estimate the Impact of Payments for Environmental Services on Local Livelihoods and Environment: An Application of Propensity Scores

“…To overcome this problem, from the layer of nonparticipants in the sample, we generated a counterfactual variable, then ( Y 0 | Z = 1 ) was simply replaced by ( Y 0 | Z = 0 ) . Hence, ATT is redefined as ATT = E [ Y 1 | Z = 1 ] − E [ Y 0 | Z = 0 ] (Arriagada et al, 2015; Duong & De Groot, 2020; Tuijnman et al, 2020). Also, to improve the estimations of ATT for exactly computing the treated effects, the study simulated the conditions for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with the requirement Y 0 , Y 1 ⊥ Z \ X , in which X denoted the explanatory variable affecting the selection model.…”

“…Almost the recent researches point to the positive outcomes on the environment in terms of nature conservation (To & Dressler, 2019), biodiversity (McElwee et al, 2020), avoided soil loss (McElwee et al, 2020), and reduced forest burning and improved indigenous land rights (Duong & De Groot, 2020; Tuijnman et al, 2020). In addition, PES schemes generally positively affect the environment in some specific contexts, for example, an enhancement in erosion rates and forest coverage rate (Samii et al, 2014; Snilstveit et al, 2019).…”

“…Nevertheless, it is impossible to observe the outcomes of a PES-participant ( Duong & De Groot, 2020; Tuijnman et al, 2020). Also, to improve the estimations of ATT for exactly computing the treated effects, the study simulated the conditions for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with the requirement…”

“…However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, a few studies investigate the PES scheme’s influence on both financial outcomes and the environment. Until now, a little literature has assessed the implementation of this policy in Vietnam, such as improvement of forest coverage, the betterment of land quality, and avoidance of biodiversity loss (Duong & De Groot, 2020; McElwee et al, 2020; To & Dressler, 2019; Tuijnman et al, 2020). However, none of them have investigated factors affecting both the financial outcomes of households and the environment (i.e., forest cover, the rate of burned forest, deforestation rate).…”

Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Pelestarian Orangutan Di Dusun Tembak Desa Gurung Mali Kabupaten Sintang

“…Akan tetapi, banyak kontribusi yang dilakukan terhadap menajemen alam terutama hutan mendapat kendala. Salah satu contoh terjadi di Vietnam, banyak perempuan yang berkontribusi pada perlindungan hutan dan seharusnya mendapatkan gaji dari jasa mereka melindungi hutan justru tidak memperoleh pendapatan tersebut dikarenakan gaji mereka diberikan kepada suami mereka yang merupakan pengatur keuangan keluarga (Tuijnman et al, 2020).…”