Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status

Coussons, M. E.; Dykstra, Linda; Lysle, Donald T.

doi:10.1016/0165-5728(92)90256-k

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These results are important because they provide the first demonstration that heroin-induced alteration of inducible nitric oxide can be conditioned to environmental stimuli. These findings are consistent with prior investigations showing that alterations of immune status can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration (Coussons et al 1992(Coussons et al , 1994a(Coussons et al , 1994b. In those investigations, rats received subcutaneous injections of morphine in a distinctive environment, and upon re-exposure to the distinctive environment there were immunological alterations similar to those produced by morphine alone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…When rats subsequently were re-exposed to the distinctive environment in the absence of morphine, immune alterations occurred that were similar to those produced by morphine alone; these included decreased mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes, decreased interleukin-2 production, and decreased natural killer cell activity in the spleen. Control procedures showed that these effects were the direct result of the conditioning process (Coussons et al 1992). These results provide evidence that immunologic alterations can be conditioned to environmental stimuli paired with opioid administration, and suggest that the host response to opioids will not be static, but will change as the organism learns to predict the administration of opioids on the basis of environmental stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…In addition, human heroin users who underwent positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning during exposure to drug-related stimuli showed a significant increase in the 'urge to use' heroin which was correlated with increased regional blood flow in the inferior frontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex (Sell et al 2000). In line with studies showing conditioning of opioid processes, our laboratory provided the first demonstration that alterations of immune status can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration (Coussons et al 1992(Coussons et al , 1994a(Coussons et al , 1994b. In those investigations, rats received subcutaneous injections of morphine in a distinctive environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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Heroin-associated environmental stimuli modulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat

Lysle

Ijames

2002

Psychopharmacology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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Heroin-associated environmental stimuli modulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat

Lysle

Ijames

2002

Psychopharmacology

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“…It is well documented that abuse of heroin, cocaine, morphine, marijuana etc induces immunonutritional deficiencies (Varela et al, 1997a;Thomas et al, 1995;Carr & Serou, 1995;Courssons-Reed et al, 1994;Rouveix, 1992), which leads to infection and malnutrition. In addition to affecting food habits (Varela et al, 1997a;Himmelgreen et al, 1998;Morabia et al, 1989) and undermining appetite (Vasko, 1992), the use of illicit drugs leads to malnutrition, which is a composite syndrome of multiple nutrient deficiencies (Chandra, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum vitamin E, C and A status of the drug addicts undergoing detoxification: influence of drug habit, sexual practice and lifestyle factors

Islam¹,

Hossain²,

Ahsan³

2024

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background:The study was carried out on the hypothesis that drug addicts would have reduced vitamin E, C and A status which could be influenced by drug habit, sexual practice and lifestyle factors. Method: Serum concentrations of Vitamin E, C and A of male drug addicts and cohort controls were analysed, and influence of drug habit, sexual practice and lifestyle factors of the addicts on the vitamin status was assessed. The study was conducted among 253 drug addicts who sought detoxification voluntarily during the period of June 1997 to July 1998 at the Central Drug Addiction Treatment Hospital, Dhaka, and 100 cohort control men. Research instruments were questionnaire and blood specimens. HPLC and spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the vitamin levels in sera of drug addicts. Results: a-Tocopherol (12.60AE 3.73 compared with 16.3 AE 3.37 mmol=l; t ¼ 8.6, P ¼ 0.05), ascorbic acid (21.59 AE 10.5 compared with 38.3 AE 13.62 mmol=l; t ¼ 10.93, P ¼ 0.003) and retinol (1.15 AE 0.39 compared with 1.33 AE 0.30 mmol=l; t ¼ 5.28, P ¼ 0.048) in the drug addicts were significantly low as compared to those in the cohort controls. Use of multiple illicit drugs for a longer period of time did result in reduced levels of these vitamins. A significant reduction in retinol concentration was noted among the multiple drug users (F(2,250) ¼ 3.23, P ¼ 0.041). Duration of addiction had a significant linear correlation with the level of reduction in retinol (F(2,250) ¼ 3.23, P ¼ 0.041) and a-tocopherol (F(2,250) ¼ 3.06, P ¼ 0.049). Apart from having a significant negative correlation between number of sexual partners and retinol level (F(3,247) ¼ 2.65, P ¼ 0.049), sexual practice did not have any influence on the vitamin status of the addicts. Occupation did have a significant effect on the ascorbic acid level (F(4,248) ¼ 2.46, P ¼ 0.046), but other socioeconomic factors like income, age etc did not influence the vitamin E, C and A levels. Body mass index had a positive linear correlation with the vitamins, but it was significant only with vitamin C (F(2,250) ¼ 7.06, P ¼ 0.001). Conclusions: These results could have important implications for providing an antioxidant therapy to drug addicts and thus rehabilitating them into normal life. Risk of HIV infection and transmission (if any) could be reduced or inhibited. Descriptors: drug addiction; antioxidant vitamins status; drug habit; sexual practice

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“…Immunocompetence is a sensitive and functional determinant of nutritional status because it is altered even before the onset of clinical symptoms of malnutrition 9 . Illicit drugs are themselves immunosuppressive [15][16][17][18][19][20] . Use of these drugs undermines appetite 21 , affects food habits, leading drug addicts to crave 'empty-energy', potentially nutrient-deficient foods 22 , and causes micronutrient deficiency 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Addiction Pattern and Knowledge on HIV/AIDS Among Male Addicted Undergoing Rehabilitation

Haque

Bhuiyan

Amin³

et al. 2015

Anwer Khan Mod Med Coll J

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Background: The purpose of this study was to assess drug addiction pattern and knowledge on HIV/AIDS among male addicted undergoing rehabilitation.Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among purposively selected 100 drug addictors in a selected hospital. Pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data by face to face interview.Result: Mean age of respondents was 34.02+_7.12 years. Result showed that about 39.8% of the respondents were addicted due to their friends incitement. More than half (61%) of the drug addicts were taken both Heroin and Injection (narcotics). About 82% of the respondents were never sold blood and 18% were sold their blood due to addiction. More than half (58%) of the respondents were taken sex with residential & commercial sex workers and 27% were taken sex only with their wives. Only 15% had no sexual activity. And more than half (57%) of the respondents did not use condom and 36% were used condom occasionally during their sexual activity. Only 7% used condom regularly. Besides study found that more than 97% of the respondents had knowledge on HIV/AIDS. Only 3% never heard about HIV/AIDS. Result found that 81.4% of the respondents had knowledge on the severity of HIV/AIDS disease and 18.6% did not know. About 89.7% of the respondents said that they had knowledge on transmission of HIV/AIDS through needle sharing and 10.3% did not know. Majority of the respondents 75% had knowledge to prevent HIV/AIDS more than one reason whereas 15.2% showed other reasons.Conclusion: Further large scale study should be conducted and the study result should not be generisable.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 6, No. 1: January 2015, Pages 5-9

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Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status

Cited by 26 publications

References 30 publications

Heroin-associated environmental stimuli modulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat

Heroin-associated environmental stimuli modulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat

Serum vitamin E, C and A status of the drug addicts undergoing detoxification: influence of drug habit, sexual practice and lifestyle factors

Drug Addiction Pattern and Knowledge on HIV/AIDS Among Male Addicted Undergoing Rehabilitation

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