Pavlovian conditioning of LPS-induced responses: Effects on corticosterone, splenic NE, and IL-2 production

Janz, Loren; Green-Johnson, Julia M.; Murray, Linda; Vriend, Catherine Y.; Nance, Dwight M.; Greenberg, Arnold H.; Dyck, Dennis G.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02171-x

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In addition to behavioral responses, other neural, endocrine and immune modifications might be elicited after taste-immune associations are retrieved [7,8] . The present data confirm previous reports indicating a significant reduction of the consummatory fluid intake behavior (in a single choice test), after a relevant gustatory clue has been contingently associated with the effects of peripheral LPS administration in rats [11,13,15] . Analogous behavioral conditioned responses have been elicited after pairing gustatory stimulation with peripherally administered specific cytokines [27][28][29] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Retrieving such taste-LPS engram results in conditioned reduced consummatory feeding behavior, and more specifically, in changes in the palatability value of the conditioned stimulus [11][12][13][14] . In addition to these behavioral conditioned responses, it has been reported that evoking a taste-LPS engram results in conditioned activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a reduction of splenic noradrenaline content, and IL-2 production [15] , as well as changes in body temperature [9] . In contrast, the conditioned response does not activate cytokine gene expression in the spleen and hypothalamus of mice [16] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Central Blockade of IL-1 Does Not Impair Taste-LPS Associative Learning

Pacheco-López

Niemi

Kou

et al. 2007

Neuroimmunomodulation

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After saccharin intake is associated with the consequences of peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, rats develop a strong conditioned avoidance behavior against this gustatory stimulus. To investigate the role of central interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a key signal during taste-LPS engram formation, rats were chronically infused with IL-1 receptor antagonist into the lateral ventricle of the brain before, during and after a single association trial. The results indicate that a stable taste-LPS engram can be formed even under the chronic blockade of central IL-1 signaling during engram formation and consolidation. More importantly, our data show that animals which did not experience a fever response during association phase (due to the LPS encounter) were unable to elicit hyperthermia as part of the conditioned response. These data indicate that pairing a relevant taste stimulus with an immune challenge, such as LPS, might result in the formation of multiple engrams, specifically codifying independent information.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Blockade of IL-1 Does Not Impair Taste-LPS Associative Learning

Pacheco-López

Niemi

Kou

et al. 2007

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…The experimental group is then re-exposed to the CS during evocation and alterations in neuroendocrine functions (e.g., concentrations of adrenaline, glucose, cortisol, insulin, norepinephrine, glucagon, vasopressin, ACTH, somatropin) 710 are analyzed, reflecting the conditioned response. Although learned placebo responses in neuroendocrine functions have been demonstrated in experimental animals (Ader, 1976;Buske-Kirschbaum et al, 1996;Janz et al, 1996;Pacheco-Lopez et al, 2004), there are few studies reporting these effects in humans, and those that do mainly employed insulin as a US measuring blood glucose or insulin levels as a conditioned response (Fehm-Wolfsdorf et al, 1993;Stockhorst et al, 1999Stockhorst et al, , 2004Stockhorst et al, , 2011Klosterhalfen et al, 2000;reviewed in Wendt et al, 2014b). Two human studies reported conditioned changes in plasma cortisol concentrations.…”

Section: E Neuroendocrine Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice

Schedlowski¹,

Enck²,

Rief³

et al. 2015

Pharmacol Rev

263

257

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“…Additionally, these antigens induce corticosterone release [34,57 -59], considered to be part of the adaptive suppressive neuroendocrine response necessary to control immune reactivity [30]. Furthermore, both antigens have been also employed as unconditioned stimuli in associative learning protocols, inducing a conditioned taste avoidance as well as other conditioned responses; fever, sympathetic activity, glucocorticoids and cytokines among other parameters [34,48,60,61]. We further focused on the IC and Am as two structures known to be involved in immune-to-brain communication in general [42,44,62 -64], and in the behaviourally conditioned immune response in particular [45 -47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical activity in rat cortico-limbic structures after single or repeated administration of lipopolysaccharide or staphylococcal enterotoxin B

et al. 2010

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Immune-to-brain communication is essential for an individual to aptly respond to challenging internal and external environments. However, the specificity by which the central nervous system detects or 'senses' peripheral immune challenges is still poorly understood. In contrast to post-mortem c-Fos mapping, we recorded neural activity in vivo in two specific cortico-limbic regions relevant for processing visceral inputs and associating it with other sensory signalling, the amygdala (Am) and the insular cortex (IC). Adult rats were implanted with deep-brain monopolar electrodes and electrical activity was monitored unilaterally before and after administration of two different immunogens, the T-cellindependent antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the T-cell-dependent antigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In addition, the neural activity of the same individuals was analysed after single as well as repeated antigen administration, the latter inducing attenuation of the immune response. Body temperature and circulating cytokine levels confirmed the biological activity of the antigens and the success of immunization and desensitization protocols. More importantly, the present data demonstrate that neural activity of the Am and IC is not only specific for the type of immune challenge (LPS versus SEB) but seems to be also sensitive to the different immune state (naive versus desensitization). This indicates that the forebrain expresses specific patterns of electrical activity related to the type of peripheral immune activation as well as to the intensity of the stimulation, substantiating associative learning paradigms employing antigens as unconditioned stimuli. Overall, our data support the view of an intensive immune-to-brain communication, which may have evolved to achieve the complex energetic balance necessary for mounting effective immunity and improved individual adaptability by cognitive functions.

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Pavlovian conditioning of LPS-induced responses: Effects on corticosterone, splenic NE, and IL-2 production

Cited by 37 publications

References 59 publications

Central Blockade of IL-1 Does Not Impair Taste-LPS Associative Learning

Central Blockade of IL-1 Does Not Impair Taste-LPS Associative Learning

Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice

Electrical activity in rat cortico-limbic structures after single or repeated administration of lipopolysaccharide or staphylococcal enterotoxin B

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