“…Mahpour and El-Diraby (2021) developed a method based on machine learning algorithms and found that climate change-induced costs for arterial roads can be twice as much as those for local roads. Underwood et al (2017) and Swarna et al (2022a) investigated the impact of "active" adaptation to climate change on the cost of pavement infrastructure in the United States. Considering responsive maintenance, the budgetary requirements for maintenance would arrive earlier in the life cycle of the roadway due to climate change (Qiao et al, 2019).…”