Pausing after clap reduces power required to fling wings apart at low Reynolds number

Abstract

The smallest flying insects such as thrips (body length < 2 mm) are challenged with needing to move in air at chord-based Reynolds number (Rec) on the order of 10. Pronounced viscous dissipation at such low Rec requires considerable energetic expenditure for tiny insects to stay aloft. Free-flying thrips flap their densely bristled wings at large stroke amplitudes, bringing both wings in close proximity of each other at the end of upstroke ('clap') and moving their wings apart at the start of downstroke ('fling'). From high-speed videos of free-flying thrips, we observed that their forewings remain clapped for approximately 10% of the wingbeat cycle before start of fling. We sought to examine if there are aerodynamic advantages associated with pausing wing motion after clap and before fling at Rec=10. A dynamically scaled robotic clap-and-fling platform was used to measure lift and drag forces generated by physical models of non-bristled (solid) and bristled wing pairs for pause times ranging between 0% to 41% of the cycle. In both solid and bristled wings, varying pause time showed no effect on average force coefficients generated within each half-stroke. This was supported by nearly identical time-variation of circulation of the leading and trailing edge vortices for different pause times. At smaller pause times, bristled wings showed larger reduction of cycle-averaged drag coefficient as compared to that of solid wings. For a given wing design (solid or bristled), the ratio of cycle-averaged lift coefficient to cycle-averaged drag coefficient was unchanged across different pause times. We observed 13.5% drop in cycle-averaged power coefficient and 3% drop in cycle-averaged lift coefficient when moving from 0% pause to 9% pause duration. Our results suggest that pausing at the end of clap can be beneficial for reducing the power required to fling, with a small reduction in lift.

Aerodynamics of two parallel bristled wings in low Reynolds number flow

“…In addition, pausing before the start of fling has been shown to reduce power required. 17 Moreover, when the ratio of membrane area to the total area of the wings is in the range of Thrips' wings, the bristled wings have the largest lift to drag ratio in the "fling" motion 18 . Recently, a study by Lee et al 19 found that the bristled wings could alleviate the undesired aerodynamic loading induced by gusty flow.…”