A brief introduction considering Darwin's work, the evolutionary synthesis, and the
scientific biological field around the 1970s and subsequently, with the molecular
revolution, was followed by selected examples of recent investigations dealing with
the selection-drift controversy. The studies surveyed included the comparison between
essential genes in humans and mice, selection in Africa and Europe, and the possible
reasons why females in humans remain healthy and productive after menopause, in
contrast with what happens in the great apes. At the end, selected examples of
investigations performed in Latin America, related to the action of selection for
muscle performance, acetylation of xenobiotics, high altitude and tropical forest
adaptations were considered. Despite dissenting views, the influence of positive
selection in a considerable portion of the human genome cannot presently be
dismissed.