Patulin and its dietary intake by fruit juice consumption in Iran

Rahimi, Ebrahim; Jeiran, Masoome Rezapoor

doi:10.1080/19393210.2014.967814

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The maximum dietary intake level was 1.93 µg/kg bw/day of sweet orange in Sawt city. Rahimi and Jeiran [36] estimated the daily intake of PAT from fruit juice at 16.4, 45.9, and 74.6 ng/kg bw/day in Iranian adults, children, and babies, respectively, two orders of magnitude lower than the levels estimated in the present research. Relatively low values of PAT daily intake were estimated in a previous study by our group, analyzing the effect of consumption of fruit, juices and smoothies [22].…”

Section: Daily Intake Assessment Of Patulincontrasting

confidence: 72%

Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

Aslam

Iqbal

Razis

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan’s northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab’s central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.

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Section: Daily Intake Assessment Of Patulincontrasting

confidence: 72%

Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

Aslam

Iqbal

Razis

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Rahimi and Rezapoor (2015) conducted a survey to determine patulin level in 161 samples of fruit juices, including apple, pineapple, pear, peach, pomegranate, as well as white and red grape juices. In the mentioned study, 16.1% of the samples were contaminated (range: 5-190.7 µg/kg), and 2.5% of the apple juice samples were contaminated at concentration higher than 50 µg/L [ 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin contamination in apple products marketed in Shiraz, Southern Iran

et al. 2017

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Background and Purpose:Patulin is one of the important mycotoxins, produced by a wide range of molds, including Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Bysochlamys. Patulin is mainly found in the rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, such as apples, pears, peach, apricots, and grapes. Currently, the Codex Alimentarius and Food and Drug Administration have recommended a maximum level of 50 µg/L patulin for apple products. The purpose of this study was to investigate patulin contamination of apple juice and cans in 75 samples collected from 15 manufacturers in Shiraz, southern Iran.Materials and Methods:The detection of patulin was accomplished using a high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector.Results:A total of 38 apple juice samples (53%) and 17 apple cans (45%) were contaminated with patulin. Overall 50% and 3% of the apple juice and apple cans samples had a patulin level of > 3 µg/L.Conclusion:Although the maximum level of patulin in our samples was considerably lower than the permitted level established by the European Union (i.e., 50 µg/L), the high incidence of this mycotoxin in our samples should be lessen by improving their good manufacturing practice.

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“…In Malaysia, Lee et al [4] found to be PAT positive 5% of 56 analyzed fruit juices in a range of concentration between 13.1 and 33.7 µg/L. In Iran, Rahimi et al [19] revealed also PAT presence in 16% of 161 fruit juices samples with levels between 5 to 190.7 µg/kg and mean of positives of 34.5 µg/kg. Contrary to the present study, in Tunisia, Zouaoui et al [20] reported PAT incidence of 50% in 214 samples of fruit juices, compote and jam samples and concentrations ranging from 2 to 889 µg/L and a mean of 89 µg/L.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Contents In Juicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population

Pallarés

Carballo

Ferrer

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Consumption of fruit juice is becoming trendy for consumers seeking freshness and high vitamin and low caloric intake. Mycotoxigenic moulds may infect fruits during crop growth, harvest, and storage leading to mycotoxin production. Many mycotoxins are resistant to food processing, which make their presence in the final juice product very likely expected. In this way, the presence of 30 mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), beauvericin (BEA), sterigmatocystin (STG), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), neosolaniol (NEO), patulin (PAT), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was evaluated in 80 juice samples collected from Valencia retail Market. An efficient Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) was carried out before their trace level determination by chromatographic techniques coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the presence of nine mycotoxins namely AOH, AME, PAT, OTA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, β-ZAL, and HT2 in the analyzed samples, with incidences ranging from 3 to 29% and mean contents between 0.14 and 59.52 µg/L. Considerable percentages of TDIs were reached by children when 200 mL was considered as daily fruit juice intake.

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Patulin and its dietary intake by fruit juice consumption in Iran

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake

Patulin contamination in apple products marketed in Shiraz, Southern Iran

Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population

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