Patulin accumulation in apples during storage by Penicillium expansum and Penicillium griseofulvum strains

Abstract

A part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. Apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. Since Penicillium expansum and P. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in Brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage in loss of quality. The toxin was quantified using thin layer chromatography and charge-coupled device camera (TLC-CCD). The rate and quantities that P. expansum and P. griseofulvum can grow and produce patulin are highly dependent on the fungal strain and time. Lesion diameter resulted to be independent of the strain considered. The maximum period of time which apples were kept at cold storage (4 °C) without patulin accumulation was 27 days.When these apples were kept at 25 °C during 3 days, both factors lesion diameter and patulin production increased significantly. These results confirm that time in which apples are taken out from cold storage room before juice production is critical in order to prevent patulin accumulation.

UHPLC‐MS‐based HDAC Assay Applied to Bio‐guided Microfractionation of Fungal Extracts

“…). Patulin had previously been reported in P. griseofulvum (Welke et al , ), while the occurrence of salirepol in this particular species is reported for the first time.…”

Mycotoxins: Producing Fungi and Mechanisms of Phytotoxicity

“…It has been isolated from P. expansum [79] (P. leucopus [80], P. vulpinum [17] (P. claviforme [68]), P. griseofulvum [79] (P. patulum [69]), P. carneum, P. clavigerum, P. concentricum, P. coprobium, P. dipodomyicola, P. glandicola, P. gladioli, P. marinum, P. paneum, P. sclerotigenum [81], P. cyclopium [82], P. granulatum (P. divergens [83]), P. melinii, P. lapidosum [82], P. aurantiogriseum, P. canescens, P. chrysogenum, P. roqueforti, P. variabile [78], P. purpurogenum [84], Aspergillus clavatus, A. giganteus, A. longivesica [85], A. terreus [86], Byssochlamys fulva, B. nivea and Paecilomyces saturatus [87,88]. PAT has been detected in apples and apple products, and occasionally in other fruits such as pears, apricots, peaches and grapes [77].…”

A critical review of producers of small lactone mycotoxins: patulin, penicillic acid and moniliformin

“…Penicillium cyclopium Efimenko and Yakimov, 1960;Frank, 1972;Leistner and Pitt, 1977 Penicillium dipodomyicola Dombrinck-Kurtzman, 2007;Frisvad et al, 1987Houbraken et al, 2016;Luque et al, Burton, 1949;Burton and Pausacker, 1947 see P. expansum Penicillium expansum Luijk, 1938;Andersen et al, 2004;Anslow et al, 1943;Borkowska Opacka and Escoula, 1977;Casquete et al, 2017;Chunmei et al, 2013;Dombrinck-Kurtzman, 2007;Dombrink-Kurtzman and Blackburn, 2005;El-Samawaty et al, 2013;Frisvad and Filtenborg, 1983;Harwig et al, 1973;Larsen et al, 1998;Okeke et al, 1993;Paster et al, 1995;Paterson, 2004 (IDH gene); Paterson et al, 2003;Sommer et al, 1974;Steiman et al, 1989;Welke et al, 2011Penicillium fellutanum Vismer et al, 1996Penicillium funiculosum Steiman et al, 1989Vismer et al, 1996;Yassin et al, 2010 …”