Patterns of variation and development in leaf wax alkanes

Herbin, G.A.; Robins, P. A.

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88085-1

Cited by 97 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Giese (1975) observed a difference in the homologue dominance of n-alkanes between leaves of seedlings and mature barley plants. Herbin and Robins (1969), Dyson and Herbin (1970), Baker and Hunt (1981), and Zhang et al (2004) also identified increasing chain length dominance of leaf wax alkanes with increasing leaf age. However, the averaging of sampling over leaves of different ages, positions, and other characteristics within a stand of trees did allow for distinction from other stands, indicating that interspecies variation was larger than intraspecies variation (Dyson and Herbin, 1970).…”

Section: Wax Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…source-related variability Herbin and Robins (1969) concluded that there is a basic genetic control on the composition of the wax components, including the n-alkanes, of plant leaves. However, variable factors associated with age and environment can be superimposed upon the specific pattern in some cases, while in others the genetically controlled pattern appears to be stable and unaffected by external influences (Herbin and Robins, 1969).…”

Section: Conclusion and Implications Regardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, variable factors associated with age and environment can be superimposed upon the specific pattern in some cases, while in others the genetically controlled pattern appears to be stable and unaffected by external influences (Herbin and Robins, 1969). Now, 48 years later, a much more extensive database has been accrued, albeit with a large emphasis on leaf wax lipids in general and n-alkanes in particular.…”

Section: Conclusion and Implications Regardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opportunities and limitations related to the application of plant-derived lipid molecular proxies in soil science

Jansen

Wiesenberg

2017

SOIL

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Abstract. The application of lipids in soils as molecular proxies, also often referred to as biomarkers, has dramatically increased in the last decades. Applications range from inferring changes in past vegetation composition, climate, and/or human presence to unraveling the input and turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). The molecules used are extractable and non-extractable lipids, including ester-bound lipids. In addition, the carbon or hydrogen isotopic composition of such molecules is used. While holding great promise, the application of soil lipids as molecular proxies comes with several constraining factors, the most important of which are (i) variability in the molecular composition of plant-derived organic matter both internally and between individual plants, (ii) variability in (the relative contribution of) input pathways into the soil, and (iii) the transformation and/or (selective) degradation of (some of) the molecules once present in the soil. Unfortunately, the information about such constraining factors and their impact on the applicability of molecular proxies is fragmented and scattered. The purpose of this study is to provide a critical review of the current state of knowledge with respect to the applicability of molecular proxies in soil science, specifically focusing on the factors constraining such applicability. Variability in genetic, ontogenetic, and environmental factors influences plant n-alkane patterns in such a way that no unique compounds or specific molecular proxies pointing to, for example, plant community differences or environmental influences, exist. Other components, such as n-alcohols, n-fatty acids, and cutin-and suberin-derived monomers, have received far less attention in this respect. Furthermore, there is a high diversity of input pathways offering both opportunities and limitations for the use of molecular proxies at the same time. New modeling approaches might offer a possibility to unravel such mixed input signals. Finally, the transformation and turnover of SOM offer opportunities when tracing such processes is the purpose of applying a molecular proxy while imposing limitations when they obliterate the molecular proxy signals linked to other phenomena. For n-alkanes several modeling approaches have recently been developed to compensate for (selective) degradation. Still, such techniques are in their infancy and information about their applicability to classes of components other than n-alkanes is lacking. All constraining factors considered can have a significant influence on the applicability of molecular proxies in soil science. The degree of influence strongly depends on the type of molecular proxy and the environmental context in which it is applied. However, the potential impact of the constraining factors should always explicitly be addressed whenever molecular proxies are applied in a soil scientific context. More importantly, there is still a serious lack of available information, in particular for compound classes other than the n-alkanes. Therefore, we...

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Section: Wax Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Conclusion and Implications Regardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Implications Regardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opportunities and limitations related to the application of plant-derived lipid molecular proxies in soil science

Jansen

Wiesenberg

2017

SOIL

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“…CDEC was also tested because of its similarity in structure to EPTC and diallate. The plants were root-treated with 10 Mm EPTC, 10 Mm CDEC, or 100 AM trichloroacetic acid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Plant Epicuticular Lipids: Alteration by Herbicidal Carbamates

1970

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The effect of several carbamates and trichloroacetic acid on the biosynthesis of epicuticular lipids from leaves of pea (Pisum satirum) was tested by chemical and visual methods. The carbamates tested included S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate), N-(3-chlorophenyl)isopropylcarbamate (chloropropham), S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate, and 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate. Diallate reduced epicuticular lipids by 50% when the plants were root-treated and by 80% when vapor-treated. These results were supported by scanning electron microscopy and carbon replica techniques with transmission electron microscopy. The ratio of wax lipid components in the diallate-treated plants remained unchanged, with the exception of the primary alcohols, which were reduced. Diallate appears to interfere with the biosynthesis of a precursor to the elongation-decarboxylation pathway of lipid synthesis. N-(3-Chlorophenyl)isopropylcarbamate had no significant effect on total amounts of extractable epicuticular lipids, nor did it alter the structure of the wax formation on the leaves. The scanning electron microscopy micrographs indicated that S-ethvl dipropylthiocarbamate significantly reduced wax formation on pea leaves. 2-Chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate altered the structure of the wax formations, but not the total amount of wax (scanning electron microscopy). Trichloroacetic acid had little effect on wax deposition compared to diallate or S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (scanning electron microscopy). The implication of the effect of the carbamates on epicuticular lipids and penetration of subsequent topically applied chemicals is discussed.Surface lipids (or waxes) are the first plant barrier encountered by any material applied to the foliage. For a compound to penetrate into the plant it must spread over the surface of the leaf, stem, or fruit, and then pass through the surface lipid, the cuticle, the cell wall, and into the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Stomatal penetration may also be a method of entry into the plant, but so far there has been no satisfactory proof that this (3,11,12). Electron microscopy has revealed that these patterns appear to be consistent for each plant species, with differences found between species. Attempts are being made to utilize surface lipid components for taxonomic classification (2, 3, 9). Some of the components of surface lipids are hydrocarbons, wax esters (long chain alcohol esters of long chain acids), primary and secondary alcohols, ketones and fatty acids. As a rule, the hydrocarbons are nparaffins (10-50% in plants) containing 21 to 35 carbon atoms in chains with odd number of carbons predominating (3).Trichloroacetic acid (1,11,15) and EPTC3 (6, 7) have been shown to reduce epicuticular wax. EPTC had no effect on the composition of lipids from sicklepod petioles, although the thickness of the petiolar cuticle was reduced by 35%r, at the strongest concentration tested (23). Several other pesticides have been screened for their abilities to inhibit or stimula...

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“…More generally, and according to Otto et al (2005), it is difficult to classify vegetation types on the basis of nalkyl lipid distributions considering the significant variability observed within the same plant family, genera or even species (e.g. Herbin and Robbins, 1969;Gülz et al, 1989).…”

Section: Specificity Of Compounds In Soil Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%