Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake

Zhang, Jian; Wang, Dantong; Zhang, Yumei

doi:10.3390/nu12061672

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Substitution of condensed milk with YCM in our modeling analysis resulted in a significant increase of nutrient intake, showing that low nutrient intake could be significantly improved by changing the low-nutrient dense milk (condensed milk) with YCM. The results of this modeling were aligned with those of studies in the UK, China and the Philippines ( 12 , 23 , 24 ). The simulation scenarios study in the UK suggested more specifically that the consumption of YCM, instead of whole cow’s milk, might lead to improvements in nutrient intake, particularly for protein, fat quality, vitamin D and iron ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The Chi-square test was performed to test the statistical significance of characteristics by type of milk consumption group, Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the percentages of inadequate intake in YCM consumers to those of condensed milk and cow’s milk consumers, as well as to compare the prevalence of baselines to that of the modeling scenarios. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to compare the nutrient intake distribution ( 12 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

et al. 2023

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BackgroundIndonesian children under-five have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Improving young child feeding practices may be the solution. Increasing the consumption of appropriate milk products could help to reduce nutrient inadequacy.MethodsThe objective of this study was to assess nutrient inadequacy in Indonesian children to evaluate the potential improvement using dietary modeling analysis. Data from children aged 1–5 years from the Indonesian Individual Dietary Consumption Survey in 2014 were used in this analysis (n = 11,020). Diet modeling was conducted in two scenarios, substitution volume to volume and calories to calories.ResultsThe proportion of children consuming young child milk (YCM) was the highest compared to other milk types across all age groups, followed by condensed milk and cow’s milk. YCM, also called “Growing-Up Milk” (GUM), are marketed as a product specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children. YCM consumers had lower prevalence of inadequate intakes in iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D across age groups when compared to condensed milk consumers. The prevalence of inadequate intakes of nutrients in condensed milk consumers was Vitamin A (67, 64%), folate (92, 91%), Vitamin D (87, 84%), iron (84, 76%), and zinc (76, 76%) in 1–2y and 3–4y, respectively. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients, such as Vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, iron and zinc, which are important for immune function. YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients by 20–40% (Vit A and folate) and 40–50% (Vit D and zinc). The reduction of prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 31% in 1–2y and 63% in 3–4y.ConclusionThe prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes was high among children aged 1–5 years old in Indonesia. YCM consumers had better nutrient intake. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate of micronutrient intake. Thus, nutrient intakes could be improved by YCM consumption in 1–5 years old children in Indonesia, along with nutrition education on feeding practices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

et al. 2023

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“…At this age, it is primarily young child formula, rather than infant formula, that is being consumed. Previously, young child formula has been reported as a major contributor of micronutrients in pre-school children in China [ 44 ], but to our knowledge, it is not usually reported as a source of micronutrients in school-going children. Our study identified vitamin A sufficiency in most age groups, apart from the youngest (infants) and the oldest (pre-adolescent) age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020

Kassis¹,

Chokor

Nasreddine

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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We estimated the usual intakes of fiber, iron, zinc, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and vitamin A and the top foods that contribute to them among children in the UAE. Dietary intake was assessed using 24 h recalls among 5 age groups of infants and children. Foods were clustered into 54 food groups and ranked by their percentage contribution to the nutrients of interest in this study. The percentage achieving the adequate intake (AI) of fiber was negligible among all children. The top source of fiber was vegetables among children under 4 years, and white breads among those over 4 years. Only 45% of infants achieved iron adequacy, but iron standards we met by most children beyond the age of 1. The main contributors to iron intake were infant/young child formula and baby cereal in children under 4 years, while children over 4 years obtained it primarily from grains (fortified) and meat/fish. Vitamin D was inadequate across all age groups, with the percentage achieving adequacy ranging from 0 to 19% among pre-adolescents and toddlers, respectively. The top sources of vitamin D were fortified milks. Overall, nutrient inadequacies in fiber, calcium, and vitamin D highlight the need for greater intakes of whole grains and fortified dairy products in the UAE.

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“…Similar findings were also reported by Walton and Flynn in Irish children aged 1–2 years with intakes of Zn (5.1 mg/day non-FMF and 7.3 mg/day FMF), iron (5.9 mg/day and 10.4 mg/day FMF), vitamins A (759 µg/day non-AM and 969 µg/day FMF), vitamin C (58 mg/day non-FMF and 118 mg/day FMF), and vitamin D (2.1 µg/day non-FMF and 9.2 µg/day FMF) [ 84 ]. Likewise, in Chinese children aged 1–3 years, the consumption of FMF contributes to improving the nutrient intakes of vitamin A (457µg/day CMs and 730 µg/day FMF), vitamin C (47 mg/day CMs and 65 mg/day FMF), vitamin D (11.3 µg/day CMs and 17.2 µg/day FMF), and vitamin E (9.4 mg/day CMs and 12.0 mg/day FMF) [ 85 ]. Finally, our findings are in accordance with a study conducted in Filipino children aged 1–4 years, in which it was reported that AM consumers were more likely to achieve adequacy of Zn, vitamin B 6 and B 12 , vitamin C, and vitamin D compared to other milk consumers [ 86 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Food Sources of Selected Antioxidant Minerals and Vitamins; and Their Relationship with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged 1 to <10 Years: Results from the EsNuPI Study

et al. 2022

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Minerals and vitamins involved in the antioxidant defense system are essential for healthy growth and proper development during infancy. Milk and dairy products are of particular importance for improving the supply of these nutrients to children. Indeed, the present study aimed to evaluate the nutrient intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), retinol and carotenoids (sources of vitamin A), and vitamins C and E, and to analyze their relationships with personal and familiar factors in Spanish children from the EsNuPI study. One subpopulation representative of the Spanish population from 1 to <10 years old (n = 707) (reference group, REF) who reported consuming all types of milk over the last year, and another subpopulation of the same age who reported consuming fortified milk formulas (FMFs) (including follow-on formula, young child formula, growing up milk, toddler’s milk, and enriched and fortified milk) (n = 741) (fortified milk consumers, FMCs) completed two 24 h dietary recalls used to estimate their nutrient intakes and to compare them to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). The REF reported higher median intakes than FMCs for Se (61 µg/kg vs. 51 µg/kg) and carotenoids (1079 µg/day vs. 998 µg/day). Oppositely, FMCs reported higher intakes than REF for Zn (7.9 mg/day vs. 6.9 mg/day), vitamin A (636 µg/day vs. 481 µg/day), vitamin E (8.9 mg/day vs. 4.5 mg/day), vitamin C (113 mg/day vs. 71 mg/day), and retinol (376 µg/day vs. 233 µg/day). In the REF group, more than 50% of the children met the EFSA recommendations for Zn (79.6%), Se (87.1%), vitamin A (71.3%), and vitamin C (96.7%), respectively. On the other hand, 92.2% were below the EFSA recommendations for vitamin E. In the FMC group, more than 50% of the children met the EFSA recommendations for Zn (55.2%), Se (90.8%), vitamin A (75.7%), vitamin E (66.7%), and vitamin C (100%). We found statistically significant differences between subpopulations for all cases except for Se. In both subpopulations, the main sources of all antioxidant nutrients were milk and dairy products. For carotenoids, the main sources were vegetables and fruits followed by milk and dairy products. A high percentage of children had vitamins A and E intakes below the recommendations, information of great importance to stakeholders. More studies using intakes and biomarkers are needed, however, to determine an association with diverse factors of oxidative damage.

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Patterns of the Consumption of Young Children Formula in Chinese Children Aged 1–3 Years and Implications for Nutrient Intake

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

Micronutrient intake inadequacies in different types of milk consumers in Indonesian children 1–5 years: dietary modeling with young child milk improved nutrient intakes

Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Food Sources of Selected Antioxidant Minerals and Vitamins; and Their Relationship with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged 1 to <10 Years: Results from the EsNuPI Study

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