Patterns of synthetic cannabinoid use in Australia

Abstract

Results. The median duration of synthetic cannabinoid use was 6 months (IQR 2-10), 35% reported use weekly or more often and 7% reported daily use. Reasons for first use included curiosity (50%), legality (39%), availability (23%), recreational effects (20%), therapeutic effects (9%), non-detection in standard drug screening assays (8%) and to aid the reduction or cessation of cannabis use (5%). Users reported buying a median of 3 g (IQR 3-6) and paying a median of AU$60 (IQR 37-90). Most (68%) reported at least one side-effect during their last session of use, including decreased motor co-ordination (39%), fast or irregular heartbeat (33%), dissociation (22%), dizziness (20%), paranoia (18%) and psychosis (4%). 4 respondents reported seeking help. A greater number of side-effects were reported by males

Emergency Service Bonzai Of Patients Presenting With Use Socio - Demographic Characteristics Evaluated Retrospectively

“…(17) Avustralya'da gerçekleştirdikleri çalışmada, sentetik kannabinoid kullananların yaş ortalamasının 27 yıl olduğunu ve büyük çoğunluğu-nun (%77) erkek olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir.…”

Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Toxicities:Review

“…Genel olarak psikotik semptomlar herhangi bir tıbbi müdahale olmadan kendiliğinden çözülmektedir. 24,25 Psikotik sendromlar genellikle kısa zamanda sonlanmakla birlikte az sayıda olguda uzamış etkiler görülmüştür. Bazı durumlarda, bu reaksiyonlar acil başvurularına veya tıbbi bakım uygulanmasına neden olabilmektedir.…”

Synthetic Cannabinoids (SCs) in Metaphors: a Metaphorical Analysis of User Experiences of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Two Countries

“…2014;Van Hout 2017). SC users report on euphoric pleasurable effects both similar to natural cannabis and distinct to SCs (drowsiness, time distortion, inability to think clearly, hallucinations) and general use for intoxication and relaxation purposes (Schneir et al 2011;Fattore and Fratta 2011;Vandrey et al 2012;Barratt et al 2013;Soussan and Kjellgren 2014;Bonar et al 2014;Van Hout and Hearne 2017;Kassai et al 2017a). Decisions to use herbal mixtures are also grounded in a perception of safety (Fattore and Fratta 2011;Vandrey et al 2012;Van Hout and Hearne 2017).…”

“…Users describe intense and rapid trajectories of SC use from positive toward the negative and with dependent resulting in severe psychopathological and withdrawal symptoms (Zimmermann et al 2009;Van Der Veer and Friday 2011;Nacca et al 2013;Macfarlane and Christie 2015;Bilgrei 2016) and solitary daily use (Van Hout and Hearne 2017; Kassai et al 2017a). Continued and compulsive use characterized by craving and multiple re-dosing, despite fear around psychotic and other unpleasant effects (panic, paranoia, aggression, chest pain, palpitations, anxiety, insomnia) is common (Vandrey et al 2012;Winstock and Barratt 2013;Barratt et al 2013;Fattore 2016;Van Hout and Hearne 2017;Kassai et al 2017a).…”

“…Given the variability in content and potency of SC products, duration of effect (and residual effects) can last for hours (Schneir et al 2011;Spaderna et al 2013), and can contribute to a range of unpleasant experiences and risk of overdose (Tuv et al 2012;Van Hout and Hearne 2017). Serious side effects include anxiety, decreased motor coordination, fast or irregular heartbeat, psychotic presentations and agitation (Every-Palmer 2011; Müller et al 2010;Nacca et al 2013;Barratt et al 2013;Bassir Nia et al 2016;Baumann et al 2014;Fattore 2016;Hurst et al 2011;Tuv et al 2012). Emergency presentations describing such acute intoxication report on patient panic attacks, loss of consciousness, nausea, tachycardia, paranoid ideation, agitation, suicidal ideation, confused states and hallucinations, with symptoms emerging in the hours post consumption (Vearrier and Osterhoudt 2010;Sobolevsky et al 2010;Van Der Veer and Friday 2011;Bebarta et al 2012).…”