Patterns of Specialization and (Un)conditional Convergence: The Cases of Brazil, China and India

Abstract

We propose to measure economic convergence for three emerging countries: Brazil/China/India. A first result is that the higher the level of productivity in an industry, the lower its growth rate, showing a convergence to the productivity frontier represented by the U.S. A first contribution is to propose a new definition of convergence, based on labor productivity vis-à-vis the technological frontier. A second contribution is that we use industry-level data to measure convergence. In doing so, we aim to reduce the biases of using trade data collected at the national level as in previous models.

Reverse innovation: a systematic literature review

“…We believe developing or emerging markets as a necessary condition for RI is questionable and may confuse understanding and the descriptive power of the concept. The convergence between developing or emerging markets has already been already demonstrated by many economists (see Hadengue and Warin, 2014;Rodrik, 2011). This economic convergence will eventually weaken the concept of RI as commonly defined.…”

“…But innovation is no longer the prerogative of high-income countries alone (Zeng and Williamson, 2007). Countries such as China and India are now counted among the hotbeds of 142 IJOEM 12,2 innovation (Hadengue and Warin, 2014). In 2012, multinational corporations invested more in emerging markets than in the core economies of the USA, Europe and Japan (UNCTAD, 2015), making large research and development (R&D) investments in low-cost emerging markets such as China and India to access new talent and take advantage of their proximity to target markets (Haour and von Zedtwitz, 2016).…”

International scientific conference "New Challenges in Economic and Business Development – 2021: Post-Crisis Economy" : Proceedings

“…In order to obtain real productivity values (at 2015 prices), the nominal indicators (at current prices) were divided by gross domestic product deflator. Such productivity calculations are widely used in academic literature (e.g., Chevalier et al (2012), Hadengue and Warrin (2013), Barnett et al (2014)).…”

Reverse Innovation in Technology-Based Foreign Language Learning: Results of Three Surveys of Secondary and Higher Education Institutions in Cameroon

“…Companies are now increasingly producing some goods based on local needs and realities (i.e., costs, infrastructures, regulatory frameworks, cultural differences, etc.). Furthermore, it is nowadays common to see multinational companies relocating to emerging and developing countries like India, China and Brazil (Zeng & Williamson, 2007;Hadengue & Warin, 2014). These processes of technologies and knowledge transfer operating from the base of the pyramid to the top are generally called reverse innovation (RI) following the scientific current developed by Govindarajan & Trimble (2012) in business administration.…”