“…Such conditions include fragmented (Adjeroud et al., ) and marginal habitats (Baums et al., ), high disturbance frequency (Foster et al., ) or high stress related to human activities (Oliva et al., ). Many coral reef organisms can reproduce through both sexual and asexual reproduction, such as scleractinian corals (Harrison, ), hydrocorals (Lewis, ), coralline algae (Pearson & Murray, ) and sponges (Whalan, Johnson, Harvey, & Battershill, ). Environmental conditions vary greatly among coral reef habitats (e.g., temperature (Glynn, ), light (Vermeij & Bak, ), water flow (Monismith, ) and water quality conditions (Fabricius, )), and these conditions can impose divergent selection pressures.…”