Patterns of illicit drug use of prisoners in police custody in London, UK

Payne-James, Jason; Wall, Ian J; Bailey, Caroline

doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2005.04.005

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Complexity and mixed pathology across domains have emerged as key themes (Rekrut-Lapa & Lapa, 2014;McKinnon & Grubin, 2010;PayneJames, Green, Green, McLachlan, Munro & Moore, 2010). High levels of substance use and dependence have been identified, with a wide range of substances (both legal and illegal) being consumed, and serious problems arising in police stations as a consequence of both substance intoxication and withdrawal (Clement, Gerardin, Victorri, Guigand, Wainstein & Jolliet, 2013;Dorn, Ceelen, Buster, Stirbu, Donker & Das, 2014;Coulton, Newbury-Birch, Cassidy, Dale, Deluca, Gilvarry, Godfrey, Heather, Kaner & Oyefeso, 2012;Payne-James, Wall & Bailey, 2005;Pearson, Robertson & Gibb, 2000). Substance use also plays an important role in deaths and near miss incidents in police custody suites (Best, Havis, Payne-James & Stark, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 1092 consecutive police custody mental health referrals

Forrester

Samele

Slade

et al. 2016

The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology

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The 43 police forces in England and Wales have made over 13 million arrests in the last decade. Yet despite this high volume criminal justice system activity, and evidence of substantial health morbidity across the criminal justice pathway, mental health services in police custody have so far only been developed in patches, and the literature in this area is limited. Referrals (n=1092) to a pilot mental health service operating across two police stations in a London borough were examined over an 18-month period in 2012/13. The referred group had high levels of mental health and substance misuse problems (including acute mental illness, intoxication and withdrawal), selfharm, suicide risk and vulnerability, with some important gender differences. Although this work has limitations, the findings are broadly consistent with the small existing literature and they confirm the need for services that are sufficiently resourced to meet the presenting needs.Abstract word count = 145

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 1092 consecutive police custody mental health referrals

Forrester

Samele

Slade

et al. 2016

The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology

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“…The United Kingdom has seen a substantial increase in the prevalence of drug use in the past decade, particularly crack cocaine use (2). Numbers of crack cocaine users assessed while in police custody in London increased 3-fold from 1993 through 2003 (3). There are an estimated 46,000 crack cocaine users in London; most also use opiates (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Crack Cocaine and Infectious Tuberculosis

Story¹,

Bothamley²,

Hayward³

2008

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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We hypothesize that crack cocaine is independently associated with smear-positive tuberculosis (TB). In a casecontrol study of TB in London, 19 (86%) of 22 crack cocaine users with pulmonary TB were smear positive compared with 302 (36%) of 833 non-drug users. Respiratory damage caused by crack cocaine may predispose drug users to infectivity.T uberculosis (TB) has reemerged as a public health problem in London, and drug users are at high risk of contracting and spreading the disease (1). The United Kingdom has seen a substantial increase in the prevalence of drug use in the past decade, particularly crack cocaine use (2). Numbers of crack cocaine users assessed while in police custody in London increased 3-fold from 1993 through 2003 (3). There are an estimated 46,000 crack cocaine users in London; most also use opiates (4). Evidence to directly link risk for TB with crack cocaine use is lacking, although an association with tuberculin positivity has been shown. Increased exposure risk is considered largely attributable to social and lifestyle factors including homelessness, imprisonment, and drug and alcohol abuse (5). Drug users are commonly immunocompromised through HIV infection and malnutrition, resulting in increased risk for TB infection and rapid progression to active disease.Habitually smoking crack cocaine causes pulmonary damage (crack lung) (Figure). Consequently, alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production is impaired, which may enhance susceptibility to infectious diseases (6). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that begins the disease process after a person inhales bacilli into the terminal bronchi and pulmonary alveoli (7). Alveolar epithelial cells likely resist invasion by M. tuberculosis bacilli, enabling resident alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells suffi cient time to traverse the epithelium and phagocytose potential invading microbes (8). Several pulmonary complications are associated with the inhalation of crack cocaine (e.g., intensive cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, acute bilateral pulmonary infi ltrates, thermal airway injury, pneumothorax and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, production of carbonaceous sputum, and exacerbation of asthma) (9). Collectively, these complications have been reported as crack syndrome (10). We hypothesize that crack cocaine use increases the risk for smear-positive pulmonary TB and that a component of this risk relates to lung damage caused by crack cocaine inhalation. The StudyDetailed clinical and social data were collected by case managers for all TB patients undergoing treatment in London on July 1, 2003. The study was approved by the Metropolitan Multicentre Research Ethics Committee-United Kingdom. Analyses were restricted to pulmonary patients 15-60 years of age (n = 970). We used univariate analyses to compare the characteristics of crack cocaine users, other hard-drug users (predominantly heroin users but excluding those who used only alcohol and marijuana), and those not known to use drugs. A sep...

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“…A single woman was wrongly suspected to be drug driving, which could be related to a common representation in police officers that illegal substance users are men, although 30-40% of cannabis consumers are women [26,27]. The low percentage of drug drivers and controls considered unfit for detention after medical examination (0-3% in all groups) was similar to that reported in drink drivers in France and in all detainees in the UK or in the Netherlands [11,12,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%