Patterns of Gray and White Matter Volume Alterations in Patients With Post-Traumatic Anosmia: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study

Abstract

ObjectiveTraumatic brain injury is one of the major causes of human olfactory dysfunction and leads to brain structure alterations, mainly in the cortical olfactory regions. Our study aimed to investigate volume changes in the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in patients with post-traumatic anosmia and then to explore the relationship between GM volume and olfactory function.MethodsEthics committee approved prospective studies which included 22 patients with post-traumatic anosmia and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks. High-resolution 3-dimensional T1 MRIs of the participants were acquired on a 3T scanner and the data were collected for voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. Furthermore, the GM and WM volumes of the whole brain regions were compared and correlated with olfactory function.ResultsThe analysis revealed significant GM volume reduction in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), gyrus rectus (GR), olfactory cortex, insula, parahippocampal, temporal pole, and cerebellum (all P < 0.001) in patients. Besides, WM volume loss was also found in the OFC, GR, and insula (all P < 0.001) in patients. All WM atrophy areas were connected to areas of GM volume loss spatially. Correlation analysis showed the olfactory scores were significantly positively correlated with the GM volume of the occipital cortex (P < 0.001, and PFWE < 0.05), while no significant correlation was found between the Sniffin' Sticks test scores and the WM volume in patients.ConclusionThe reduction of GM and WM volume in olfactory-related regions was responsible for olfactory dysfunction in post-traumatic patients. The occipital cortex may play a compensation mechanism to maintain the residual olfactory function. To our knowledge, we report here for the first time on white matter volume alterations specifically in post-traumatic patients with anosmia.

The Olfactory Dysfunction of COVID-19

“…It should be noted, however, that loss of gray matter and functional imaging decrements in central olfaction-related brain structures has been associated with anosmia due to other causes. [61][62][63] Variables Associated with Long-Lasting Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19…”

Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates

“…Considering that a decrease in the cortical gray matter was observed in subjects with anosmia [95,111], the cerebellum may be involved in OD in patients with pathologies primarily affecting the cerebellum. For example, it has been observed that patients with spinocerebellar ataxias exhibit OD [112,113].…”