Patterns of distributive environmental inequity under different PM2.5 air pollution scenarios for Salt Lake County public schools

Mullen, Casey; Grineski, Sara E.; Collins, Timothy W.; Wei, Xing; Whitaker, Ross T.; Sayahi, Tofigh; Becnel, Thomas; Goffin, Pascal; Gaillardon, Pierre-Emmanuel; Meyer, Miriah; Kelly, Kerry E.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109543

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Our analyses used generalized estimating equations (GEEs), which are well suited for clustered and non-normally distributed data, as they provide a better fitting model than regular ordinary least squares (OLS) regression [ 66 , 67 ]. Other EJ studies on air pollution have utilized GEEs in their analyses [ 11 , 13 , 68 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from the American Community Survey (ACS) from 2017 indicates that although the population is predominantly (70.93%) non-Hispanic/Latino White, it also includes more than 330,131 (29.06%) racial/ethnic minority residents, with Hispanic/Latino as the largest minority group at 18.28% of the population. Two distributive environmental injustice studies on unequal exposures to air pollution have been conducted in the Salt Lake area to date, and they have revealed strong patterns of injustice with respect to race/ethnicity [11,12]. One study relied on chronic, averaged air pollution measures [12], and the other examined three different two-day air pollution scenarios [11].…”

Section: Case Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two distributive environmental injustice studies on unequal exposures to air pollution have been conducted in the Salt Lake area to date, and they have revealed strong patterns of injustice with respect to race/ethnicity [11,12]. One study relied on chronic, averaged air pollution measures [12], and the other examined three different two-day air pollution scenarios [11]. A local study on Salt Lake schools found associations between PM 2.5 concentrations and daily rates of school absenteeism [49].…”

Section: Case Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We downloaded data on each school's Title I school status (whether a school was eligible for Title I or not); the percentage of Hispanic students; the percentage of non-Hispanic minority students who were Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, or Native American/Alaska Native; and the percentage of students on free and/or reduce-priced meals. Previous EJ studies focusing on air pollution and schools have examined these variables [11,13,16,17,19,24,65].…”

Section: Sociodemographic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extensive environmental justice (EJ) literature has documented that all children are not equally exposed. EJ studies focused on US schools have determined that schools with higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities [6,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and low-income students [11,13,14,16,18,19] experience worse air pollution than schools that serve predominately White and affluent students.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of PM2.5 on Third Grade Students’ Proficiency in Math and English Language Arts

Mullen

Grineski

Collins

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Fine particulate air pollution is harmful to children in myriad ways. While evidence is mounting that chronic exposures are associated with reduced academic proficiency, no research has examined the frequency of peak exposures. It is also unknown if pollution exposures influence academic proficiency to the same degree in all schools or if the level of children’s social disadvantage in schools modifies the effects, such that some schools’ academic proficiency levels are more sensitive to exposures. We address these gaps by examining the percentage of third grade students who tested below the grade level in math and English language arts (ELA) in Salt Lake County, Utah primary schools (n = 156), where fine particulate pollution is a serious health threat. More frequent peak exposures were associated with reduced math and ELA proficiency, as was greater school disadvantage. High frequency peak exposures were more strongly linked to lower math proficiency in more advantaged schools. Findings highlight the need for policies to reduce the number of days with peak air pollution.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sociodemographic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of PM2.5 on Third Grade Students’ Proficiency in Math and English Language Arts

Mullen

Grineski

Collins

et al. 2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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Joint polygenic and environmental risks for childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom dimensions

et al. 2023

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Background attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with both polygenic liability and environmental exposures, both intrinsic to the family, such as family conflict, and extrinsic, such as air pollution. However, much less is known about the interplay between environmental and genetic risks relevant to ADHD—a better understanding of which could inform both mechanistic models and clinical prediction algorithms. Methods Two independent data sets, the population‐based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (N = 11,876) and the case‐control Oregon‐ADHD‐1000 (N = 1449), were used to examine additive (G + E) and interactive (GxE) effects of selected polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental factors in a cross‐sectional design. Genetic risk was measured using PRS for nine mental health disorders/traits. Exposures included family income, family conflict/negative sentiment, and geocoded measures of area deprivation, lead exposure risk, and air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter). Results ADHD PRS and family conflict jointly predicted concurrent ADHD symptoms in both cohorts. Additive‐effects models, including both genetic and environmental factors, explained significantly more variation in symptoms than any individual factor alone (joint R2 = .091 for total symptoms in ABCD; joint R2 = .173 in Oregon‐ADHD‐1000; all delta‐R2 p‐values <2e‐7). Significant effect size heterogeneity across ancestry groups was observed for genetic and environmental factors (e.g., Q = 9.01, p = .011 for major depressive disorder PRS; Q = 13.34, p = .001 for area deprivation). GxE interactions observed in the full ABCD cohort suggested stronger environmental effects when genetic risk is low, though they did not replicate. Conclusions Reproducible additive effects of PRS and family environment on ADHD symptoms were found, but GxE interaction effects were not replicated and appeared confounded by ancestry. Results highlight the potential value of combining exposures and PRS in clinical prediction algorithms. The observed differences in risks across ancestry groups warrant further study to avoid health care disparities.

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Redlining, racism and food access in US urban cores

et al. 2022

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In the 1930s, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) graded the mortgage security of urban US neighborhoods. In doing so, the HOLC engaged in the practice, imbued with racism and xenophobia, of "redlining" neighborhoods deemed "hazardous" for lenders. Redlining has caused persistent social, political and economic problems for communities of color. Linkages between redlining and contemporary food access remain unexamined, even though food access is essential to wellbeing. To investigate this, we used a census tract-level measure of low-income and low grocery store food access from the US Department of Agriculture Food Access Research Atlas, redlining data from Mapping Inequality Project, and demographic data from the American Community Survey. We employed generalized estimating equations with robust covariance estimates to analyze data pertaining to 10,459 census tracts in 202 US cities. Tracts that the HOLC graded as "C" ("decline in desirability") and "D" ("hazardous") had reduced contemporary food access compared to those graded "A" ("best"). Increases in contemporary census tract proportions of Black, Hispanic, or other racial/ethnic minority residents, as well as disabled residents, were associated with reduced food access. Increases in contemporary proportions of residents age 75 years and older or those without a car were associated with better food access. Tracts that underwent housing redevelopment since being graded had better food access, while those undergoing gentrification had reduced food access. Results suggest that issues of redlining, housing discrimination, racism, ableism, displacement, and food inaccessibility are deeply intertwined.

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Patterns of distributive environmental inequity under different PM2.5 air pollution scenarios for Salt Lake County public schools

Cited by 27 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of PM2.5 on Third Grade Students’ Proficiency in Math and English Language Arts

Effects of PM2.5 on Third Grade Students’ Proficiency in Math and English Language Arts

Joint polygenic and environmental risks for childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptom dimensions

Redlining, racism and food access in US urban cores

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