Patterns of detection of respiratory viruses in nasal swabs from calves in Ireland: a retrospective study

Abstract

A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the prevalence and seasonality of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine coronavirus (BoCV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytical virus (BRSV) and parainfluenza virus-3 (PI3V) in calves (aged three months and below) in Ireland. Results from real-time PCR testing, including cycle threshold values, conducted on nasal swabs (single or pooled) submitted from 1364 respiratory disease outbreaks between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012 were included in this study. One or more viruses were detected in 34.6 per cent of submissions, with BoCV detected most frequently (22.9 per cent), followed by BRSV (11.6 per cent), PI3 V (7.0 per cent), BoHV-1 (6.1 per cent) and BVDV (5.0 per cent). The detection rate of all viruses was higher when pooled multiple swabs were submitted from outbreaks rather than single swabs, with these differences being significant for all except BVDV. Two or more viruses were detected in 39.4 per cent of positive submissions, with BoCV and BRSV most commonly present as one of the two partners in detection. With the exception of BVDV, which was detected all year round, the others showed a clear seasonal pattern, being most commonly detected in winter and spring.

Prevalence of equine coronavirus in nasal secretions from horses with fever and upper respiratory tract infection

“…It is of interest to notice that ECoV qPCR-positive horses were only detected during the winter and spring months, which is in agreement with the detection of BCoV in nasal secretions of calves with bovine respiratory disease (O'Neill and others 2014). Further, the majority of the ECoV outbreaks reported in the literature occurred during the cold months of the year (Oue and others 2013, Pusterla and others 2013).…”

“…BCoV has been shown in one recent study (O'Neill and others 2014) to be the most frequently detected partner virus found in combination with other respiratory viruses in nasal secretions from calves associated with respiratory disease outbreaks. Out of the 17 ECoV qPCR-positive horses, nine (52.9 per cent) showed coinfection with either EHV-4, EIV, ERBV or S equi subspecies equi .…”

The bovine paranasal sinuses: Bacterial flora, epithelial expression of nitric oxide and potential role in the in-herd persistence of respiratory disease pathogens

“…multocida ( n = 56) as previously described [14,15,16,17]. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses to identify BRSV (n = 133) and BPIV-3 (n = 133) were also performed individually on samples taken from the paranasal sinuses, trachea and lungs as previously described [18]. DNA or RNA extracted from laboratory strains of the target organisms using commercial DNA or RNA isolation kits (for M .…”

Bovine respiratory disease associated with Histophilus somni and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a beef cattle feedlot from Southeastern Brazil

“…Bacterial pathogens frequently associated with BRD include Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis (GAGEA et al, 2006;GRIFFIN et al, 2010;FRANCOZ et al, 2015). Viral agents commonly identified in cattle with BRD are bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus -1 (BoHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), and bovine coronavirus, BoCV (GAGEA et al, 2006;O'NEILL et al, 2014;FRANCOZ et al, 2015). In most cases, viral agents are considered as primary or predisposing factors to bacterial agents, due to the immunodepressive effects on the affected animal.…”