Patterns of coping with cancer.

Abstract

For many years, there has been interest in how people cope with cancer. Important descriptive studies were completed in the 1950s (e.g., Bard & Sutherland, 1955; Quint, 1965;Shands, Finesinger, Cobb, & Abrams, 1951) emphasizing unconscious defenses such as denial and maladaptive coping patterns (see Meyerowitz, Heinrich, & Schag, 1983, for a review). Weisman (1979) and Weisman andWorden (1976-1977) later conducted systematic research on coping with cancer using a variety of assessment methods and revealed relationships between patterns of coping and emotional distress. Weisman (1979) defined coping as "what one does about a perceived problem in order to bring about relief, reward, quiescence, or equilibrium" (p. 27). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) defined coping similarly-as cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands appraised as taxing or exceeding resources.Coping efforts may be distinguished from their effects on the stressful situation, on emotional well-being, and on subsequent health and adjustment. Such efforts have been shown to be a function of both person and situation factors (Fleishman, 1984;Holahan & Moos, 1987;Parkes, 1986). However, little is known about what predisposes individuals with cancer to cope in specific ways. Why does one cancer patient construe his or her situation in a positive light, whereas another does not? What predisposes a person to use avoidant coping strategies, such as fantasizing or social withdrawal, in response to cancer? Which individuals are most likely to respond by seeking and using available support? Such information would be valuable in cancer rehabilitation and in developing a further understanding of the determinants of coping in general.The goal of this research was to examine factors identified in the stress and coping literature that might predispose a person to cope with cancer in various ways. Past research has indicated that an individual will cope differently as a function of the particular stressful situation involved (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980;McCrae, 1984;Pearlin & Schooler, 1978). Cancer includes a wide range of situations with which to cope-such as painful or frightening symptoms, ambiguity about the prognosis, and changes in social relationships. An adaptive strategy for coping with physical discomfort might be problem focused (e.g., seeking the advice of one's physician or taking medication), whereas the best strategies for dealing with ambiguity about the future might be emotion regulating (e.g., distraction or avoidance).Situational factors-site of cancer, stage of the disease, time since diagnosis, Reprinted from Health Psychology, I I ( 2 ) , 79-87.

Evaluation of the Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors (QLACS) scale for long-term cancer survivors in a sample of breast cancer survivors

“…Thirty-two items from the Ways of Coping-Cancer Version (WOC-CA) were used to assess coping strategies [35]. This measure and our modification are described in detail elsewhere [36].…”

Development of the ways of helping questionnaire: A measure of preferred coping strategies for older African American cancer survivors

“…The measures most frequently used are the revised Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Dunkel-Schetter, Feinstein, Taylor, & Falke, 1992; List et al, 2002; Reynolds et al, 2000), the COPE Inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989; Green, Pakenham, Headley, & Gardiner, 2002), and the Jalowiec Coping Scale (Jalowiec & Powers, 1981; Kuo & Ma, 2002). These measures, however, were derived from research conducted with predominately Caucasian populations (Carver et al, 1989), and may not be valid for use with older African American cancer survivors.…”

Defining and quantifying coping strategies after stroke: a review

“…25 Abundant research literature on coping is available in the context of a wide range of illnesses. [32][33][34][35][36][37] In the context of stroke, some relatively recent attention has been paid to the issue of coping. 38 39 To date, however, research findings have not quantified what consistent coping strategies are commonly adopted in the aftermath of stroke.…”