Patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. from canine clinical cases presented at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa

Abstract

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance in staphylococci, often associated with treatment failure, is increasingly reported in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolates from canine samples submitted to the bacteriology laboratory at the University of Pretoria academic veterinary hospital between 2007 and 2012. Retrospective data of 334 Staphylococcus isolates were used to calculate the proportion of samples resistant to 15 antimicrobial agents. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to investigate temporal trends and logistic regression models were used to investigate predictors of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.ResultsResults show that 98.2% (55/56) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one drug while 42.9% were multidrug resistant. Seventy-seven percent (214/278) of the S. pseudintermedius isolates were resistant to at least one drug and 25.9% (72/278) were multidrug resistant. Resistance to lincospectin was more common among S. aureus (64.3%) than S. pseudintermedius (38.9%). Similarly, resistance to clindamycin was higher in S. aureus (51.8%) than S. pseudintermedius (31.7%) isolates. There was a significant (p = 0.005) increase in S. aureus resistance to enrofloxacin over the study period. Similarly, S. pseudintermedius exhibited significant increasing temporal trend in resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (p = 0.004), clindamycin (p = 0.022) and orbifloxacin (p = 0.042). However, there was a significant decreasing temporal trend in the proportion of isolates resistant to doxycycline (p = 0.041), tylosin (p = 0.008), kanamycin (p = 0.017) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (p = 0.032).ConclusionsHigh levels of multidrug resistance and the increasing levels of resistance to sulphonamides, lincosamides and fluoroquinolones among Staphylococcus spp. isolates in this study are concerning. Future studies will need to investigate local drivers of antimicrobial resistance to better guide control efforts to address the problem.

Temporal trends and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory

“…from canine clinical specimens submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The level of AMR observed in this study (77.2%) was lower than the 88% reported by Hauschild and Wójcik [ 8 ] in Poland, 90.9% reported by Lilenbaum et al [ 21 ] in Canada, or the 90.5% reported by Qekwana et al [ 22 ] in South Africa. However, consistent with findings from previous studies [ 6 , 44 ], SIG was the most common isolate identified and CoNS were the second most common.…”

“…Understanding not only the usage patterns of antimicrobials in dogs but also the patterns of antimicrobial resistance and temporal changes is critical for guiding efforts to curb the problem. High levels of antimicrobial resistance to at least one antimicrobial among clinical cases of canine Staphylococcus infections have been reported in a number of geographical locations: 88% in Poland [ 8 ], 90.9% in Canada [ 21 ], and 80.5% in South Africa [ 22 ]. Of greater concern are reports of multidrug resistance among Staphylococcus isolates in both healthy and clinical cases: 24.5% in Switzerland [ 23 ] to 28.7% in South Africa [ 22 ] and 34% in the UK [ 24 ].…”

“…High levels of Staphylococcus spp. resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials and lincosamides have been reported by a number of studies [ 22 , 25 – 27 ] implying that these drugs can no longer be used in the treatment of Staphylococcus infections in the concerned geographic areas. With respect to the temporal changes in levels of antimicrobial resistance, the findings are less clear.…”

“…pseudintermedius isolates were reported in a study of healthy and clinical canine pyoderma cases in France [ 18 ]. While, a South African study of dogs treated at a veterinary teaching hospital [ 22 ] found both significant increasing temporal trends (e.g. enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, and clindamycin) and significant decreasing temporal trends (e.g.…”

Fates of antibiotic resistance genes in a distributed swine wastewater treatment plant

“…The two PBGs, cam P and mec A ( Campylobacter and Staphylococcus , respectively), were also detected to be co‐present with all ARGs except tet A. This result is supported by the continuous identification of Staphylococcus and Campylobacter resistant to various antibiotics, such as β‐lactam, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin (Narvaez‐Bravo, Taboada, Mutschall, & Aslam, ; Post et al., ; Qekwana, Oguttu, Sithole, & Odoi, ).…”