Patterning of plant cell wall deposition by cortical microtubules

Klooster, van ‘t; Joppe, Kris

doi:10.18174/419181

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…An obvious candidate for the agent of this transmission is the microtubule array itself, since it is well-known for its ability to self-organise into a wide variety of structures, including aligned cortical arrays with a transverse orientation [98,124,134]. This idea is consistent with the observation that, during protoxylem development, microtubules reorient to a transverse array before apparent band formation [159]. In addition, IQD13, a protein interacting with both microtubules and the plasma membrane, can cause microtubules to act as a "molecular fence" that physically restricts the movement of active ROP and increased expression of this protein results in more flattened spots in metaxylem [154].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Chapter 3 explores the hypothesis that this mechanism is based on a longitudinal diffusion restriction of active ROP imposed by an initially homogeneous microtubule array with a transverse orientation. This hypothesis is based on the diffusion barrier effect of microtubules [148,154] and the observation that band formation starts from a transversely oriented microtubule array [159]. We further analyse the effect of diffusion restriction to gain a mechanistic understanding of the orienting power of the proposed mechanism.…”

Section: Aim and Thesis Outlinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, due to the difficulty of reorienting a pattern of oblique bands, it seems important that the reorientation of the microtubule array to a transverse state occurs before the start of ROP patterning. Experimental observations suggest that this reorientation at least occurs before visible band formation in the microtubule array [159]. In addition, aberrant protoxylem patterns have been observed in the Katanin mutant, where proper microtubule alignment prior to band formation is hindered [211].…”

Section: Fully Formed Banded Patterns Are Relatively Robust Structure...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring mechanisms of xylem cell wall patterning with dynamic models

Jacobs

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Contents 1 General introduction 1.1 Xylem cell wall patterning 1.2 Pattern formation mechanisms 1.2.1 Reaction-diffusion mechanisms 1.2.2 Not every pattern is a Turing pattern 1.3 Small GTPases 1.3.1 Small GTPases in reaction-diffusion systems 1.3.2 Mass conservation 1.4 Microtubules 1.4.1 Microtubule properties 1.4.2 Microtubules and cell wall structure 1.4.3 Microtubule self-organisation 1.5 ROPs and microtubules in xylem patterning 1.6 Aim and thesis outline 3.7.3 Effect of alternative anisotropic diffusion scenarios 3.7.4 Diffusion tensor rotation 3.7.5 Preferred spiral angles 3.7.6 Diffusion term decomposition 3.7.7 Parameters of models with ROP-dependent ROP diffusion 4 The role of nucleation complexes in cortical microtubule array homogeneity and patterning 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Results 4.2.1 A simplified model of transversely oriented microtubules reproduces the inhomogeneity problem 4.2.2 Tubulin diffusion is too fast for sufficient local variation in microtubule growth velocities 4.2.3 Nucleation complexes are preferentially inserted at microtubules 4.2.4 Local limitation of nucleation complexes can solve the inhomogeneity problem 4.3 Discussion 4.4 Methods 4.4.1 Simulation setup 4.4.2 Core microtubule dynamics 4.4.3 Protoxylem band and gap regions 4.4.4 Basic nucleation modes 4.4.5 Tubulin dynamics 4.4.6 Nucleation complexes 4.4.7 Model parameters 4.4.8 Measures of heterogeneity 4.4.9 Experimental measurements 4.5 Supplementary figures 4.6 Supplementary tables 4.7 Appendices 4.7.1 Steady state densities for non-interacting microtubules 4.7.2 Calculating maximal total microtubule length and initial growth speed 4.7.3 Estimation of nucleation complex parameters 5 Protoxylem microtubule patterning requires ROP pattern co-alignment, realistic microtubule-based nucleation, and sufficient microtubule flexibility 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Results 5.2.1 Model outline 5.2.2 Strong co-alignment of the microtubule array with a pre-existing band pattern facilitates rapid microtubule band formation 5.2.3 Microtubule flexibility can lead to density loss from bands 5.2.4 Locally saturating nucleation helps to keep bands populated with semiflexible microtubules, even for misaligned starting arrays viii CONTENTS 5.2.5 Array patterning must be robust against large variations in observed microtubule dynamics 5.2.6 Band-gap separation factors outside the measured parameter differences 5.3 Discussion 5.4 Methods 5.4.1 Simulation setup 5.4.2 Nucleation modes 5.4.3 Expected mismatch angles 5.4.4 Semiflexible microtubules 5.4.5 Cell data simulations 5.4.6 Summary statistics 5.5 Supplementary figures 5.6 Appendices 5.6.1 Parameters for locally saturating nucleation 5.6.2 Persistence length calculations 6 General discussion 6.1 Insights into mechanisms of xylem patterning 6.1.1 A ROP-based Turing pattern as the basis of xylem patterning 6.1.2 Protoxylem ROP pattern orientation 6.1.3 Coexistence in ROP and microtubule patterns 6.1.4 ROP-microtubule interplay 6.2 Insights into non-xylem membrane patterning 6.2.1 Coexistence in non-xyle...

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