Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution

Pechmann, Matthias; Khadjeh, Sara; Sprenger, Frederik; Prpic, Nikola‐Michael

doi:10.1016/j.asd.2010.07.007

Cited by 56 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…We have, therefore, studied the developmental genetic mechanisms of tritocerebral segment formation in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum ( previously placed in the genus Achaearanea [6]). In spiders, the tritocerebral segment bears the pair of pedipalps [5], a multi-functional appendage type used in feeding, sensory perception and for many specialized purposes like visual communication, stridulation or sperm transfer (reviewed in [7]). The developmental genetic mechanisms needed to form the pedipalpal segment and its appendages are, however, not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regressive evolution of the arthropod tritocerebral segment linked to functional divergence of the Hox genelabial

et al. 2015

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The intercalary segment is a limbless version of the tritocerebral segment and is present in the head of all insects, whereas other extant arthropods have retained limbs on their tritocerebral segment (e.g. the pedipalp limbs in spiders). The evolutionary origin of limb loss on the intercalary segment has puzzled zoologists for over a century. Here we show that an intercalary segment-like phenotype can be created in spiders by interfering with the function of the Hox gene labial. This links the origin of the intercalary segment to a functional change in labial. We show that in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum the labial gene has two functions: one function in head tissue maintenance that is conserved between spiders and insects, and a second function in pedipalp limb promotion and specification, which is only present in spiders. These results imply that labial was originally crucial for limb formation on the tritocerebral segment, but that it has lost this particular subfunction in the insect ancestor, resulting in limb loss on the intercalary segment. Such loss of a subfunction is a way to avoid adverse pleiotropic effects normally associated with mutations in developmental genes, and may thus be a common mechanism to accelerate regressive evolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regressive evolution of the arthropod tritocerebral segment linked to functional divergence of the Hox genelabial

et al. 2015

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“…The process may be of short duration, but the results are apparent below in histological sections of the early book lungs that are formed. Examples of operculum and primary lamellar formation are evident in Pechmann et al (2010;Fig. 16J-N), Woff andHilbrant (2011) andMittmann andWolff (2012).…”

Section: Embryosmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The latter gene was also expressed in the horseshoe crab opisthosomal segments that give rise to the genital operculum and book gills. Also in C. salei, Pechmann et al (2010) show stripes indicating engrailed-1 expression in developing primary lamellae as the O2 limb bud forms the operculum for the book lung sinus.…”

Section: Development Of Spider Book Lungsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Light and transmission electron microscopy are used herein to extend and clarify the earlier light microscopic studies of spider book lung development (Kishinouye, 1891;Simmons, 1894;Purcell, 1895Purcell, , 1909Montgomery, 1909;Janeck, 1909;Ivani c, 1912;Kassianow, 1914;Versluys and Demoll, 1923;Dawydoff, 1949). The objective is to provide additional developmental details for hypotheses about evolutionary relationships and for comparative studies of gene expression (e.g., Popadi c et al, 1998;Popadi c and Nagy, 2001;Damen et al, 2002;Simonnet et al, 2004Simonnet et al, , 2006Pechmann et al, 2010;Cao et al, 2013;Sharma et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Book lung development in the embryo, postembryo and first instar of the cobweb spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum C. L Koch, 1841 (Araneomorphae, Theridiidae)

Farley

2015

Arthropod Structure & Development

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Light and electron microscopy were used to compare spider book lung development with earlier studies of the development of horseshoe crab book gills and scorpion book lungs. Histological studies at the beginning of the 20th century provided evidence that spider and scorpion book lungs begin with outgrowth of a few primary lamellae (respiratory furrows, saccules) from the posterior surface of opisthosomal limb buds, reminiscent of the formation of book gills in the horseshoe crab. In spider embryos, light micrographs herein also show small primary lamellae formed at the posterior surface of opisthosomal limb buds. Later, more prominent primary lamellae extend into each book lung sinus from the inner wall of the book lung operculum formed from the limb bud. It appears most primary lamellae continue developing and become part of later book lungs, but there is variation in the rate and sequence of development. Electron micrographs show the process of air channel formation from parallel rows of precursor cells: mode I (cord hollowing), release of secretory vesicles into the extracellular space and mode II (cell hollowing), alignment and fusion of intracellular vesicles. Cell death (cavitation) is much less common but occurs in some places. Results herein support the early 20th century hypotheses that 1) book lungs are derived from book gills and 2) book lungs are an early step in the evolution of spider tracheae.

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“…A detailed analysis of wg/Wnt1 expression in the appendages of G. marginata has been published previously (Prpic 2004). In this study, it was suggested that wg/Wnt1 (as part of WG/DPP signaling) is involved in dorso-ventral (DV) and proximo-distal (PD) limb patterning/development (Prpic 2004, Prpic et al 2005 Kimm and Prpic 2006, Brenneis et al 2008, Posnien et al 2009Liu et al 2009, Pechmann et al 2010). G. marginata Wnt genes are expressed exclusively as two dots in or along the dorsal side of the labrum.…”

Section: Spg-like-patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and embryonic expression of Wnt2, Wnt4, Wnt5 and Wnt9 in the millipede Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)

Janßen

Posnien

2014

Gene Expression Patterns

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Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution

Cited by 56 publications

References 70 publications

Regressive evolution of the arthropod tritocerebral segment linked to functional divergence of the Hox genelabial

Regressive evolution of the arthropod tritocerebral segment linked to functional divergence of the Hox genelabial

Book lung development in the embryo, postembryo and first instar of the cobweb spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum C. L Koch, 1841 (Araneomorphae, Theridiidae)

Identification and embryonic expression of Wnt2, Wnt4, Wnt5 and Wnt9 in the millipede Glomeris marginata (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)

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