Patterning during somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine in relation to polar auxin transport and programmed cell death

Imaging of native early embryogenic tissue of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by ESEM

“…4A-F) with suspensor cells. It was observed that suspensor cells in early somatic embryos of Scots pine play important roles in embryo development [13]. The surfaces of the bottle shape cells as well as the embryonal heads were covered with mucilaginous matrix -ECM (ECMSN).…”

“…The major limitation in many pine species is the low quality of cotyledonary somatic embryos. The presence of supernumerary suspensor cells in early somatic embryos of Scots pine is caused by disturbed polar auxin transport and results in aberrant embryo development [13].…”

Clonal variation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and in transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula)

“…MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962), SH (Schenk and Hillebrandt 1972), WPM (Lloyd and McCown 1980), LP (Quoirin andLepoivre 1977, Hakman andvon Arnold 1985), LM (Litvay et al 1985) and DCR (Gupta and Durzan 1986) with modifications in macro-and micronutrient compositions, vitamins and plant growth regulators, and addition of organic nitrogen and carbon source (Hohtola 1995, Keinonen-Mettälä et al 1996, Sarjala et al 1997, Häggman and Aronen 1998, Niemi et al 1998, Häggman et al 1999, Niemi and Häggman 2002, Park et al 2006, Rodríguez et al 2006, Lelu et al 1999, Niemi et al 2007, Burg et al 2007, Lelu-Walther et al 2008, Aronen et al 2009, Abrahamsson et al 2012). …”

“…The preferred initiation material for Scots pine embryogenic culture is zygotic embryo (Keinonen-Mettälä et al 1996, Sarjala et al 1997, Häggman and Aronen 1998, Niemi et al 1998, Häggman et al 1999, Niemi and Häggman 2002, Park et al 2006, Rodríguez et al 2006, Lelu et al 1999, Niemi et al 2007, Burg et al 2007, Lelu-Walther et al 2008, Aronen et al 2009, Abrahamsson et al 2012. The period of its competence to initiate somatic embryogenesis is narrow, 2 3 weeks (Keinonen-Mettälä et al 1996).…”

“…At the initiation stage the cultures have been incubated in the darkness (Sarjala et al 1997, Niemi et al 1998, Abrahamsson et al 2012. The proliferation of the embryogenic tissue continues as long as the tissues are subcultured on fresh medium and the cultures may be cryopreserved as soon as they have been established .…”