Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission

Mesman, Annelies W.; Geijtenbeek, Teunis B. H.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00059

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…28,45 It has been suggested that these cells may contribute to HIV-1 entry in penile urethral and vaginal mucosal sites. 28 Furthermore, the cell surface molecule DC-SIGN expressed on DCs has been proposed to be important for binding and transporting HIV-1 from mucosa to regional lymph nodes, 14,16,17 although we find this molecule on macrophages and not DCs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 54%

“…14,15 Within mucosal tissues, DCs may be among the first cells to encounter HIV-1 and have been hypothesized to play a crucial role in initial virus dissemination by transporting HIV-1 to CD4 + T lymphocytes in regional lymph nodes. 14,16,17 Moreover, DCs and monocyte/macrophages are a key determinant of the activation state of CD4 + T lymphocytes in mucosal tissues. Thus mucosal innate immune function has critical implications for infectious diseases as well as autoimmunity and even systemic immune regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

Preza

Tanner

Elliott

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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A common route for HIV-1 infection is sexual transmission across colorectal mucosa, which is thought to be 10-2,000 times more vulnerable to infection than that of the female genital tract. Mucosal surfaces are the first line of defense against many pathogens but the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), key regulators of innate immunity and determinants of adaptive immunity, are not well defined in these target tissues. Using immunohistochemistry, dendritic cells expressing Langerin (CD207(+)), a lectin known to bind and internalize HIV-1, were detected in the periphery of colonic glands and sparsely scattered in the submucosa similarly in colorectal mucosa. This cell type, well known in skin, has generally not been reported in colonic/rectal mucosa. Unexpectedly, the largest APC population observed was a macrophage-like population expressing the well-characterized tissue macrophage markers CD68 and CD163. Confocal microscopy of these cells revealed colocalization of CD209 (DC-SIGN), a presumed dendritic cell marker believed to facilitate HIV-1 transmission, but not other dendritic cell markers. These results show evidence of the unconfirmed presence of Langerhans cells in colorectal mucosa and a predominance of macrophage-like APCs that express CD209 (DC-SIGN). These findings define potential target cells in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 transmission, which may have key implications for the study of early transmission events in normal colorectal mucosa, as well as other infectious diseases and primary immune diseases involving the gut.

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mentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

Preza

Tanner

Elliott

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…One possibility is that virus translocates between epithelial cells until susceptible cells are found either in or below the epithelium [3] . Alternatively, Langerhans cells may sample the surface, acquire virus, and move it to areas of abundant target cells [4] , [5] . Finally, transcytosis of HIV-1 (i.e., movement through cells) has been studied as a potential mechanism to translocate virus from mucosal surfaces to deeper-lying CD4+ cells [6] , [7] , [8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells

et al. 2013

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The mechanisms by which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) crosses mucosal surfaces to establish infection are unknown. Acidic genital secretions of HIV-1-infected women contain HIV-1 likely coated by antibody. We found that the combination of acidic pH and Env-specific IgG, including that from cervicovaginal and seminal fluids of HIV-1-infected individuals, augmented transcytosis across epithelial cells as much as 20-fold compared with Env-specific IgG at neutral pH or non-specific IgG at either pH. Enhanced transcytosis was observed with clinical HIV-1 isolates, including transmitted/founder strains, and was eliminated in Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn)-knockdown epithelial cells. Non-neutralizing antibodies allowed similar or less transcytosis than neutralizing antibodies. However, the ratio of total:infectious virus was higher for neutralizing antibodies, indicating that they allowed transcytosis while blocking infectivity of transcytosed virus. Immunocytochemistry revealed abundant FcRn expression in columnar epithelia lining the human endocervix and penile urethra. Acidity and Env-specific IgG enhance transcytosis of virus across epithelial cells via FcRn and could facilitate translocation of virus to susceptible target cells following sexual exposure.

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“…They recognize pathogens through C-type lectin receptor (CLR), Toll-like receptor (TLR), and other pattern recognition receptors [17]. LC express langerin (CD207), a CLR that binds microorganisms for endocytosis, and have Birbeck granules that are involved in endosomal recycling.…”

Section: Langerhans Cells (Lc) Dermal DC (Ddc) and Interdigitatimentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1TransInfection of CD4⁺T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

Rinaldo

2013

Scientifica

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Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4+ T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission

Cited by 14 publications

References 109 publications

Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells

HIV-1TransInfection of CD4⁺T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

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Pattern Recognition Receptors in HIV Transmission

Cited by 14 publications

References 109 publications

Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

Antigen-Presenting Cell Candidates for HIV-1 Transmission in Human Distal Colonic Mucosa Defined by CD207 Dendritic Cells and CD209 Macrophages

The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells

HIV-1TransInfection of CD4+T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

HIV-1TransInfection of CD4⁺T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells