Pattern recognition for classification and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples

Dunn, William J.; Stalling, David L.; Schwartz, Ted R.; Hogan, James W.; Petty, Jimmie D.; Johansson, Erik; Wold, Svante

doi:10.1021/ac00272a026

Cited by 101 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The application of chemometrics to identify and distinguish chemical``fingerprint'' patterns has been an important tool to describe the similarities and differences among environmental samples. It provides a classification method for ascertaining the identity of samples and determining the most significant chemical constituents or physical attributes among different samples (Dunn et al, 1984;Stalling et al, 1985;Schwartz and Stalling, 1991;Wenning et al, 1993 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingerprinting PCB patterns among Mohawk women

Hwang

Yang

Fitzgerald

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study examined the association of contaminated fish consumption and polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB ) body burden by comparing the similarity of the congener pattern in yellow perch, caught near the point source of industrial pollution, and in other local fish to the pattern found in the breast milk of Mohawk women from Akwesasne, a Native American community located along the St. Lawrence River in New York, Ontario, and Quebec. The similarity is defined by the weighted Euclidean distance between two congener patterns. Ninety -seven Mohawk mothers participated and provided samples of breast milk. One hundred fifty -four nursing women from the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children ( WIC ) of Warren and Schoharie counties, New York, who gave birth during the same time period, were used as the comparison group. Results revealed that the breast milk of the Mohawk women, who ate the most local fish, had a congener pattern that more closely resembled that of perch caught near the waste site or average sampled fish caught in the Reserve than Mohawk women who ate less fish or the controls. The outcome demonstrates how PCBs may be``fingerprinted'' as they migrate offsite from industrial sources and ultimately result in human exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingerprinting PCB patterns among Mohawk women

Hwang

Yang

Fitzgerald

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Quantitation of environmental samples as equivalents of tech-mixtures is altered (6). The correlation between the chromatogram of an Aroclor standard and that of PCB mixtures from an environmental sample is variable (7)(8)(9)(10)(11), and conventional quantitation methods permit considerable subjectivity on the part of the analyst (12)(13)(14). Ad-ditionally, reporting concentration data as total PCBs provides no information about the potential biological significance of the particular mixture of congeners in a sample and may be misleading.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

McFarland

Clarke

1989

Environ Health Perspect

619

279

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as environmental contaminants often cannot be adequately described by reference to Aroclors or to total PCBs. Although there are 209 possible PCB configurations (congeners), perhaps half that number account for nearly all of the environmental contamination attributable to PCBs. Still fewer congeners are both prevalent and either demonstrably or potentially toxic. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and relative abundance in animal tissues are used as criteria, the number of environmentally threatening PCB congeners reduces to about thirty-six. Twenty-five of these account for 50 to 75% of total PCBs in tissue samples of fish, invertebrates, birds, and mammals.A few PCB congeners that are sterically similar to 2,3,7,3,7, are directly toxic. Other PCB congeners, as well as those that are directly toxic, may also be involved in toxicity indirectly by stimulating the production of (inducing) bioactivating enzyme systems. The most consequential of these have the ability to induce aryl hydrocarbon metabolizing mixed-function oxidases (MFOs). A result can be an increased capacity for bioactivation of otherwise nontoxic foreign compounds such as certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to cytotoxic or genotoxic metabolites. The effectiveness of specific PCB congeners as inducers of different types of cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO systems is determined by their stereochemistry. Although MFO induction is not a proximate cause, it is a strong correlate of certain kinds of toxicities. Structural patterns can thus be used to discriminate among PCB congeners on the basis of toxic potential, if not entirely on toxicity per se. Congeners that demonstrate 3-methylcholanthrene-type (3-MCtype) and mixed-type MFO induction have the greatest toxic potential. These congeners most closely resemble 2,3,7,8-TCDD in their structures and in their toxic effects. The larger group of phenobarbital-type (PBtype) inducers have considerably less potential for contributing to toxic effects. Weak inducers and noninducing congeners have the least potential for toxicity.Using the rationale described in this paper, we assigned the most environmentally threatening PCB congeners to four groups. Congeners assigned to Group 1 are considered most likely to contribute to adverse biological effects attributable to PCBs in an environmental sample. Group 1A contains the three most potent (pure 3-MC-type inducer) congeners, IUPAC numbers 77, 126, and 169. Six congeners, numbers 105, 118, 128, 138, 156, and 170, are assigned to Group 1B. These congeners are mixed-type inducers that have been reported frequently in environmental samples. Group 2 congeners are PB-type inducers that are also prevalent in the environment; these include numbers 87, 99, 101, 153, 180, 183, and 194. Group 3 congeners, numbers 18,44,49,52,70,74, 151, 177, 187, and 201, are weak or noninducers, but they occur frequently in the environment or in high concentrations in animal tissues relative to other PCB congeners, and so may be of ...

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“…Further on, comparison of isomeric pattern is an important analytical tool to differentiate emission sources or technical formulations and was also applied for the environmental monitoring of PCB in surface water systems (e.g. Dunn et al 1984;Schulte and Malisch 1983;Buchert and Ballschmiter 1985). But due to the fact that in accordance with the complex composite of PCDD/F's also PCB's appear as congeneric mixtures with up to 209 individual congeners, the complexicity hinders frequently a successful isomer specific determination.…”

Section: Priority Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Contaminants in Riverine and Groundwater Systems

2006

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Pattern recognition for classification and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples

Cited by 101 publications

References 24 publications

Fingerprinting PCB patterns among Mohawk women

Fingerprinting PCB patterns among Mohawk women

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

Organic Contaminants in Riverine and Groundwater Systems

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