Pattern of the nephrotic syndrome in the Sudan

A Systematic Review of Complications Associated With Percutaneous Native Kidney Biopsies in Adults in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

“…Thirty-nine articles 4,8,[15][16][17] were eligible for data extraction, reporting on 19,500 kidney biopsies performed on 19,338 patients in 18 countries located in six regions of the world (Figure 1 -Prisma flow chart). These regions include Sub-J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Saharan Africa (5 studies); 24,[27][28][29]52 South Asia (15 studies); 15,22,23,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]54,55 Middle East and North Africa (7 studies); 8,17,25,26,[40][41][42] Latin America and Caribbean (2 studies); 50,51 Europe and Central Asia (3 studies); 48,49,53 and East Asia and Pacific (7 studies). 4,16,[44][45][46][47]56 There were 5 studies from low-income countries 15,[22][23]…”

“…4,16,[44][45][46][47]56 There were 5 studies from low-income countries 15,[22][23][24]55 ; 18 from lower middle-income countries 8,17,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]54 and 16 studies from upper middle-income countries. 4,16,[40][41][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]56 Based on quality assessment (with an interrater agreement of 79.4%), most studies (22/39; 56.4%) were moderate quality, 8,15,22,23,25,…”

“…The biopsy techniques using USS-RT were in 20 studies (48.8%), 4,15,16,24,31,32,34,[37][38][39][40][41]44,47,48,[50][51][52][53][54] USS-PM in 15 studies (36.6%), 8,15,16,22,23,27,33,35,36,42,45,46,49,55,56 one study (2.4%) was performed with fluoroscopic technique, 26 and 5 (12.2%) studies were performed with no imaging guidance (blind technique). 17,25,[28][29][30] In 11 studies, the biopsies were performed by nephrology staff (6 by nephrologists and another 5 by nephrology trainees), 15,16,22,34,51 it was performed by a nephrologist assisted by radiologists in 5 studies, 23,31,32,…”

“…17,25,[28][29][30] In 11 studies, the biopsies were performed by nephrology staff (6 by nephrologists and another 5 by nephrology trainees), 15,16,22,34,51 it was performed by a nephrologist assisted by radiologists in 5 studies, 23,31,32,50,55 and in 3 studies was performed by radiologists only. 38,41,52 However, twenty (51.4%) of the studies did not document the level of experience or specialty of the individuals performing the procedure 4,8,17,[24][25][26][27][28]30,33,35,36,43,[45][46][47][48][49]53,54 ( Table 1).…”

“…The main indication for the biopsy was nephrotic syndrome in 17 studies (43.6%), 8,15,16,[23][24][25]27,28,[30][31][32]34,47,48,50,54,55 sub-nephrotic proteinuria in 3 studies, 22,35,53 and nephritic syndrome in 3 studies. 39,41,42 Other indications included CKD evaluation in two studies, 26,41 lupus nephritis in one study 51 and asymptomatic urine abnormalities in another study.…”